write down the '' balance sheet''(carbon,electron,ATP,etc)for the fallowing metabolic process:
-use the most common alternatives.
-Give the balanced overall reactions with correct stoichiometry
-İndicate all key reactans and products.
-calculate how many ATP molecules might be synthesized at each case and compare ATP yield.
1-Fermentation(starting from glycolysis)
2-Aerobic Respiration by chemoorganotrophs(glycolysis+bridge+TCP)
3-Anaerobic Respiration by denitrifiers (glycolysis+bridge+TCP).
1) Fermentation (starting from glycolysis):
Glycolysis:
Reactants: Glucose (C6H12O6), 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
Products: 2 Pyruvate (C3H4O3), 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP), 2 NADH
Fermentation is an anaerobic process that occurs after glycolysis. Different types of fermentation exist, such as alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Here, we will use alcohol fermentation as an example.
Alcohol Fermentation:
Reactants: 2 Pyruvate (C3H4O3)
Products: 2 Ethanol (C2H5OH), 2 CO2
Overall reaction:
2 Pyruvate -> 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2
C3H4O3 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
ATP synthesis: In alcohol fermentation, the net ATP production is 2 ATP per glucose molecule since glycolysis produces a net of 2 ATP. It is important to note that fermentation does not occur in the mitochondria, so no additional ATP is generated in this process.
2) Aerobic Respiration by chemoorganotrophs (glycolysis + bridge + TCA):
Glycolysis:
Reactants: Glucose (C6H12O6), 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
Products: 2 Pyruvate (C3H4O3), 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP), 2 NADH
Bridge Reaction (Pyruvate Decarboxylation):
Reactants: 2 Pyruvate (C3H4O3), 2 NAD+
Products: 2 Acetyl CoA (C2H3O-CoA), 2 CO2, 2 NADH
TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) or Krebs Cycle:
Reactants: 2 Acetyl CoA (C2H3O-CoA), 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP + Pi
Products: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 2 CoA
Overall reaction:
Glucose + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
ATP synthesis: During aerobic respiration, the net ATP production can be calculated as follows:
Glycolysis: 2 ATP
TCA Cycle: 2 ATP
Total ATP yield: 4 ATP per glucose molecule
3) Anaerobic Respiration by denitrifiers (glycolysis + bridge + TCA):
Glycolysis:
Reactants: Glucose (C6H12O6), 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
Products: 2 Pyruvate (C3H4O3), 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP), 2 NADH
Bridge Reaction (Pyruvate Decarboxylation):
Reactants: 2 Pyruvate (C3H4O3), 2 NAD+
Products: 2 Acetyl CoA (C2H3O-CoA), 2 CO2, 2 NADH
TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) or Krebs Cycle:
Reactants: 2 Acetyl CoA (C2H3O-CoA), 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP + Pi
Products: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 2 CoA
Overall reaction:
Glucose + 6N2O -> 6CO2 + 6N2
C6H12O6 + 6N2O -> 6CO2 + 6N2
ATP synthesis: During anaerobic respiration, the net ATP production can be calculated as follows:
Glycolysis: 2 ATP
TCA Cycle: 2 ATP
Total ATP yield: 4 ATP per glucose molecule
Please note that the ATP yield mentioned is the maximum potential yield, and the actual ATP production may vary depending on various factors such as the efficiency of the electron transport chain.