What is the reaction effect of the following action effects?
a) Earth orbits the sun
b) Ball accelerates downward
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a) The reaction effect of Earth orbiting the sun is the gravitational pull exerted by the sun on Earth. This gravitational force keeps Earth in its stable orbit around the sun. The reaction effect can be explained by Newton's third law of motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In this case, the action is the gravitational force exerted by the sun on Earth, and the reaction is the gravitational force exerted by Earth on the sun.
To calculate the gravitational force between two objects, you can use Newton's law of universal gravitation. The formula is F = (G * M1 * M2) / r^2, where F is the gravitational force, G is the gravitational constant, M1 and M2 are the masses of the objects, and r is the distance between their centers of mass.
b) The reaction effect of a ball accelerating downward is the gravitational force exerted on the ball by the Earth. When a ball is dropped, it experiences a force due to gravity, which accelerates it downward. This reaction effect can also be explained by Newton's third law of motion. The action is the force exerted by the Earth on the ball, and the reaction is the force exerted by the ball on the Earth.
To calculate the acceleration of the ball due to gravity, you can use the formula a = g, where a is the acceleration and g is the acceleration due to gravity. On Earth, the approximate value of g is 9.8 m/s^2. The ball will continue to accelerate downward until it reaches its terminal velocity or encounters another force that opposes its motion.