if we select a birth at random, what is thew probability the mother is 19 years of age or younger?
You haven't posted the data to determine this answer.
To determine the probability that the mother is 19 years of age or younger, we need to know the total number of births and the number of births where the mother is 19 years of age or younger. This information allows us to calculate the ratio of favorable outcomes to total outcomes.
If you have access to a dataset with information about births, you can follow these steps to calculate the probability:
1. Retrieve the data: Use a reliable source that provides information on the ages of mothers for a large number of births. This could be a public health database, government statistics, or any trusted source that collects this data.
2. Count the total number of births: Determine the total number of births recorded in the dataset. This will be denoted by 'N'.
3. Count the number of births where the mother is 19 years of age or younger: Determine the number of births in which the mother's age is 19 years old or younger. This will be denoted by 'M'.
4. Calculate the probability: Divide the number of births where the mother is 19 years of age or younger (M) by the total number of births (N) to get the probability.
Probability = M / N
Note that the accuracy and reliability of the probability estimation depend on the quality of the data you are using and the representativeness of the sample to the entire population.
For Canada, see statistics for 2007
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/84f0210x/2007000/t008-eng.htm
from which we can extract the following information:
live birth for all ages = 367,864
live birth for 15 & under = 119
live birth for 15-19 = 15161
(frequential) probability for birth by mother 19 and younger=(?+?)/(?)
Can you take it from here?