27. Which of the following is true for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
a. ATP is produced during glycolysis
b. Pyruvate is broken down to ethanol or lactate
c. The electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions across a membrane
d. An organic hydrogen acceptor recycles NAD+
7. An individual heterozygous for a trait and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait are crossed and produce many offspring that are
a. all the same genotype
b. all the same phenotype
c. of two different phenotypes
d. of three different phenotypes
12. Mendel's law of segregation states that
a. pairs of alleles are dependant on one another when separation occurs during gamete formation.
b. pairs of alleles separate independently of one another after gamete formation.
c. each pair of alleles remains together when gametes are formed
d. the two alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed
Thanks
-MC
27. To determine which of the options is true for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, we need to understand the similarities between these two processes. First, let's define aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen. Both processes involve the breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Now, let's analyze each option:
a. ATP is produced during glycolysis: This statement is true for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis, the first step in both processes, produces a small amount of ATP.
b. Pyruvate is broken down to ethanol or lactate: This statement is not true for aerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate is further oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water. In anaerobic respiration, pyruvate can be converted to either ethanol or lactate.
c. The electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions across a membrane: This statement is also true for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. In both processes, the electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions to create a proton gradient and generate ATP.
d. An organic hydrogen acceptor recycles NAD+: This statement is not true for aerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain, while in anaerobic respiration, NADH can be recycled through the conversion of pyruvate to either ethanol or lactate.
Based on the analysis, the correct answer is (a) ATP is produced during glycolysis.
7. To determine the outcome of a cross between an individual heterozygous for a trait and an individual homozygous recessive, we need to understand the principles of inheritance. Let's analyze each option:
a. All the same genotype: This is not possible because the cross involves two different genotypes. The heterozygous individual has two different alleles, while the homozygous recessive individual has two copies of the same recessive allele.
b. All the same phenotype: This is also not possible. The offspring will exhibit the dominant phenotype as long as they have at least one dominant allele.
c. Of two different phenotypes: This is the correct answer. The offspring will have different phenotypes since they will inherit one dominant allele from the heterozygous parent and one recessive allele from the homozygous recessive parent.
d. Of three different phenotypes: This is not possible unless there is more than one gene involved. The cross mentioned in the question involves a single trait, so there will be two phenotypes at most.
Based on the analysis, the correct answer is (c) of two different phenotypes.
12. Mendel's law of segregation states that during the formation of gametes, the two alleles for a trait separate from each other. Now, let's analyze each option:
a. Pairs of alleles are dependent on one another when separation occurs during gamete formation: This statement is not correct. Mendel's law of segregation states that the alleles separate independently, meaning they do not depend on each other during gamete formation.
b. Pairs of alleles separate independently of one another after gamete formation: This statement is correct. Mendel's law of segregation states that the alleles separate and distribute independently from each other after gamete formation.
c. Each pair of alleles remains together when gametes are formed: This statement is not correct. Mendel's law of segregation states the opposite: the pairs of alleles separate during gamete formation.
d. The two alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed: This statement is correct. Mendel's law of segregation precisely explains that the two alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation.
Based on the analysis, the correct answer is (d) the two alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed.