What are the criminal landmark cases of the following four courts:
Warren
Burger
Rehnquist
Roberts
For Internet searching:
http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/
At this webpage, you can go immediately to the search sites (first three columns across the top) -- or even better you can scroll down until you see the section called HOW TO SEARCH THE INTERNET. Those are the links to start with. You'll not only learn how to come up with good search terms, but also how to evaluate the webpages you get as results. Some will be good and others will be garbage. You need to know how to tell the difference.
My favorite way to search is to go to Google's advanced search page http://www.google.com/advanced_search?hl=en and put my search words or phrases into the first or second search box (either "all the words" or "exact phrase"). Another is to start out at http://scholar.google.com. However, there many other strategies for searching you can use, and the HOW TO SEARCH THE INTERNET section will help you best.
Learning to use Google or other search engines can save you time and help you learn to find information efficiently. Here are some websites that can teach you how:
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/FindInfo.html
http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/searchtips.html
http://www.pandia.com/goalgetter/index.html
http://websearch.about.com/mbody.htm?once=true&COB=home&PM=112_100_T
... and one to help you judge whether a particular website's information is worth your time:
http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/evaluate.html
Sarah, these are not courts they are justices on the Supreme Court. So check out Supreme court Justices Landmark Cases by Chief Justice Warren, Burger, Rehnquist and Roberts for your answers. If you do a google search you will find that Earl Warren did Brown vs. The Board of Education, which is a Civil Rights Case. Use the same method to search the other cases. Hope this helps
To identify the criminal landmark cases of the Warren, Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts Courts, we need to research the significant criminal cases decided by each of these Supreme Court justices. Here's how you can find the information:
1. Warren Court (1953-1969): The Warren Court, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, was known for its progressive and influential decisions. To find the criminal landmark cases during this era, you can start by researching the cases that expanded the rights of criminal defendants, such as:
- Miranda v. Arizona (1966): This case established the famous "Miranda rights" which require law enforcement to inform suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning.
- Mapp v. Ohio (1961): This case held that evidence obtained through illegal searches and seizures cannot be used in state criminal proceedings.
2. Burger Court (1969-1986): The Burger Court, led by Chief Justice Warren Burger, continued some of the Warren Court's precedents while also adopting a more conservative approach. To find the criminal landmark cases from this era, consider the following cases:
- Furman v. Georgia (1972): This case led to a temporary moratorium on the death penalty in the United States, deeming its application unconstitutional as it disproportionately affected minorities.
- Gregg v. Georgia (1976): This case reestablished the constitutionality of the death penalty, allowing states to reinstate their capital punishment statutes under certain guidelines.
3. Rehnquist Court (1986-2005): The Rehnquist Court, led by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, was known for its conservative approach to many legal issues. To find the criminal landmark cases from this period, research notable decisions such as:
- United States v. Lopez (1995): This case limited the federal government's power under the Commerce Clause, ruling that the Gun-Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress's authority.
- Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000): This case established that any fact leading to an increase in the punishment for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury and proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
4. Roberts Court (2005-present): The Roberts Court, led by Chief Justice John Roberts, has seen a mix of conservative and liberal decisions on criminal law. To identify the criminal landmark cases from this era, you can research cases like:
- Citizens United v. FEC (2010): While not strictly a criminal case, this decision had significant implications for campaign finance laws and the influence of corporations in the political process.
- Carpenter v. United States (2018): This case held that a warrant is generally required for law enforcement to obtain cell phone location data, as individuals have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their physical movements.
By researching these cases and exploring further, you can find additional criminal landmark cases from each of these Supreme Court periods.