1- the first step in manipulating and extracting DNA from cells is to _____ it into smaller pieces for analysis.
2- the second step in manipulating and extracting DNA from cells is to ______ it based on size using gel _______.
3- fragments of DNA separated by _______ and tagged with ______ can be used to determine the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA.
4- restriction _______ cut DNA at specific sites, which are like a key that fits only one ______.
5- a technique known as _____ sequencing searchers for matching sequences among the fragments and aligns them to reassemble the fragments and _______ the sequence.
1- The first step in manipulating and extracting DNA from cells is to LYSE it into smaller pieces for analysis. To achieve this, you need to break open the cells and release the DNA. This can be done by using a lysis buffer that contains enzymes or detergents to break down the cell membrane and nuclear membrane.
2- The second step in manipulating and extracting DNA from cells is to SEPARATE it based on size using gel ELECTROPHORESIS. In this step, the DNA fragments are loaded onto a gel, usually made of agarose or polyacrylamide, and subjected to an electric field. The DNA migrates through the gel, with smaller fragments moving faster and farther than larger ones. This separation allows us to analyze and manipulate specific DNA fragments of interest.
3- Fragments of DNA separated by ELECTROPHORESIS and tagged with FLUORESCENT MARKERS can be used to determine the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA. After electrophoresis, the gel is stained with a fluorescent dye or exposed to UV light to visualize the DNA fragments. By using specific fluorescent markers attached to the DNA, we can determine the order of bases in the DNA sequence.
4- Restriction ENZYMES cut DNA at specific sites, which are like a key that fits only one LOCK. These enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences, known as recognition sites, and then cleave the DNA at or near those sites. The resulting fragments can be of different sizes, depending on the location of the recognition sites within the DNA sequence.
5- A technique known as DNA SEQUENCING searches for matching sequences among the fragments and aligns them to reassemble the fragments and DETERMINE the sequence. This process involves determining the order of nucleotides (A, T, G, C) in a DNA molecule. The fragments generated through DNA sequencing can be aligned and compared to a reference sequence or assembled using sophisticated algorithms to reconstruct the complete DNA sequence.