Identity the main phases in the development of sentencing and name objectives of punishment (justification grounds) which come to the fore during these phases
1. Retributive Phase: In this phase, the primary objective of punishment is seen as retribution for the harm caused by the offender. The punishment is considered just and necessary to balance the scales of justice.
2. Utilitarian Phase: In this phase, the focus shifts to the utilitarian objectives of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. The goal is to prevent future crimes and protect society.
3. Restorative Phase: In this phase, the emphasis is on restoring the harm caused by the offender and promoting healing and reconciliation between the offender, victim, and community. The objectives of punishment include promoting accountability, repairing relationships, and addressing the root causes of criminal behavior.
4. Rehabilitation Phase: In this phase, the primary objective of punishment is to rehabilitate the offender and facilitate their reintegration into society. The focus is on addressing the underlying issues that led to the criminal behavior and providing support and resources to help the offender make positive changes.
5. Preventive Phase: In this phase, the focus is on preventing crime and reducing recidivism through early intervention, education, and social programs. The objectives of punishment include addressing the factors that contribute to criminal behavior and promoting long-term positive outcomes for the offender and society.