The doctrine that gives the Supreme Court the authority to check the executive and legislative branches is called judicial review. According to this doctrine, the Court has the power to review and invalidate actions or laws passed by the executive branch or legislature that are found to be unconstitutional. This authority was established in the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803, in which Chief Justice John Marshall declared that it is the duty of the judiciary to interpret the Constitution and determine the constitutionality of laws.
