As biotechnology has improved, scientists are able to look more closely at DNA, the molecules that hold genetic instructions for development, reproduction, and functioning. The ability to study DNA closely allows scientists to find evidence of genetic mutation and better understand the effects of these changes. Think about how genetic mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or cause no change at all.
A mutation occurs in a portion of DNA and does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.
A mutation in the hemoglobin gene results in Sickle Cell Anemia.
A mutation of a protein results in protection against a destructive bacteria.
Genetic mutations can have different effects depending on the specific changes that occur in the DNA sequence. In some cases, mutations can be harmful and lead to various diseases or disorders. For example, a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, which is responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells, can lead to a condition called Sickle Cell Anemia. This mutation causes the red blood cells to become distorted and stiff, resulting in reduced oxygen supply to tissues and a range of health complications.
On the other hand, some mutations can be beneficial and provide an advantage to an organism. For instance, a mutation in a protein involved in the immune system might result in increased protection against a specific destructive bacteria. This mutation can lead to enhanced defense mechanisms, making the individual less susceptible to infections caused by that particular bacteria.
Lastly, genetic mutations can also occur without causing any noticeable change or effect. These neutral mutations often happen in non-coding regions of DNA or in regions that do not affect the functioning of proteins. They may accumulate in a population without producing any discernible advantages or disadvantages.
In summary, genetic mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral depending on how they affect the functioning of genes and the proteins they encode. Biotechnology advancements have allowed scientists to study DNA more closely, enabling them to identify and understand these mutations and their respective impacts on development, reproduction, and overall functioning.