Describe the results from the following base mutations; substitution, insertion, and deletion.
Substitution: A substitution mutation occurs when one nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide in the DNA sequence. This can lead to the replacement of one amino acid in the corresponding protein sequence. The effects of substitution mutations can vary depending on the location and nature of the substitution. Some substitutions may have no phenotype consequences, while others can result in a non-functional protein, a protein with altered function, or a protein with increased or decreased activity.
Insertion: An insertion mutation involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into the DNA sequence. This shifts the reading frame of the sequence, altering the entire downstream coding region. The consequence of an insertion mutation can be the addition of one or more amino acids in the corresponding protein sequence. Insertions can lead to major changes in protein structure or function, often resulting in non-functional or truncated proteins.
Deletion: A deletion mutation occurs when one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence. Like insertions, deletions can also shift the reading frame, causing changes to the entire downstream coding region. The consequence of a deletion mutation is the loss of one or more amino acids in the protein sequence. Deletions can have severe effects on the protein structure and function, often leading to non-functional or unstable proteins. In some cases, deletions can also result in frameshift mutations, where the reading frame is completely altered.