QUESTION 1 [15]
1.1 Why is it necessary for animals to possess endocrine and nervous systems?
(3)
1.2 Differentiate between autocrine and paracrine chemical messengers.
(2)
1.3 How do neurotransmitters and hormones differ?
(2)
1.4 Critique the statement: "Hormones are not continuously secreted for them to be effective." (3)
1.5 Using an example, explain how negative feedback regulates hormone levels within the mammalian endocrine system.
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Left ex
right
Lee U
B
QUESTION 2 [18]
2.1 What are the physiological advantages of having separate ventricles in birds and mammals? (5)
22 List the major mammalian heart valves and their locations. Furthermore, explain their function within the circulatory system.
(6)
2.3 Describe the structure and function of red and white blood cells in mammals. (4)
2.4 Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems, providing examples of organisms that possess each. (3)
2.5 Explain how the lymphatic system is involved in the body's immune response. (5)