The Mongol Empire had similar long-term effects on China, Russia, and Iran in terms of political and social impacts. In all three regions, the Mongols brought stability through the establishment of bureaucratic systems and facilitated cultural exchange through their policies of religious tolerance and trade. However, there were also differences in the long-term effects, as China experienced a sinicization process where Mongol rulers adopted Chinese culture, while Russia and Iran faced greater resistance and maintained their distinct culture and political structures under Mongol rule. Additionally, the economic impacts varied, with China benefiting from increased trade, while Russia and Iran suffered economic decline.
