Mediterranean Test
Q1
Use the chart to answer the question.
Democracy - Government of the people, Emphasis on voting rights and freedom to choose, Relied on an assembly or ecclesia
Monarchy - Hereditary government with a king or queen, Ruler had the final say, Korete and Gerousia were common
Oligarchy - Government ruled by a group or few, Had a tyrannical or amiable rule, Held power over the majority
Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of each government type? (1 point)
Oligarchies and monarchies had a leader who created rules and laws while democracies had a single ruler who was chosen by the people.
Oligarchies and monarchies had a single ruler that presided over the people while democracies relied entirely on the people.
Oligarchies and monarchies had a ruling class that presided over the people and made decisions while democracies relied entirely on the people.
Oligarchies and monarchies had a ruling class that presided over the people while democracies relied on a smaller ruling class.
Q2
A major characteristic of ancient Greek culture was (1 point)
the practicing of their monotheistic beliefs.
the use of a single written holy text.
the belief that the gods interact with everyday life.
the separation of Greek mythology from religion.
Q3
Which literary work was created during the Archaic period? (1 point)
Oedipus the King
The Iliad
Agamemnon
The Clouds
Q4
What caused the Greeks to unify in defense of their culture and way of life? (1 point)
the attempt by Sparta to control all of Greece
the invasion of Corinth by Thermopylae
the attempt of Athens to force democracy on all the poleis
the threat of the Persian Empire conquering Greece
Q5
Use the chart to answer the question.
Civilization and Characterizes
Inca Empire - Monarch ruler, Centralized government, Ethnic Inca nobility, Local and regional administrators with some autonomy
Mayan Civilization - Demigod king, Unique city-states with own laws, culture, and history, Three-tiered system of classes, Women rulers were common
Roman Republic - Two annually elected consuls, Senate and assemblies worked together to help the consuls make decisions, Plebeians and patricians made up the Tribal and Centuriate Assemblies, Dictator in times of dire need
Which example best explains the most crucial element of each civilization? (1 point)
The Roman Republic’s annually elected consuls were the single most important element of the Republic. The Mayan ethnic nobility was crucial in helping decide who the next king would be. The Incan monarch was the most important part of the centralized government.
The Roman Republic’s dictator was the most important person in the entire system of governance. The Inca monarch was the most important part of the empire, as he did not rely on other sources of help or information. The Mayan three-tiered social system was the most important element, as it helped the demigod ruler make decisions.
The Roman Republic’s plebeian and patrician classes were important in decision making. The Mayans centralized government was solely responsible for all functions within the empire. The Incan tolerance for women rulers was important in lawmaking.
The Roman Republic’s senate and assemblies were crucial for decision making. The Inca Empire’s administrators helped the king keep order and law in different territories, no matter how large the empire was. The Mayan civilization had city-states that were less centralized than either the Republic or Inca Empire.
Q6
What was the name of the political party with which Julius Caesar was affiliated? (1 point)
the Optimates
the First Triumvirate
the Second Triumvirate
the Populares
Q7
Write the Events that led to the collapse of the Roman Republic and rise of the Roman Empire in the correct order (1 point)
First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus established
Plebeian tribune Gaius Gracchus assassinated
Octavian succeeds Caesar and forms the Second Triumvirate
Plebeian tribune Tiberius Gracchus assassinated
Caesar officially declares war on Rome proper by marching troops over Rubicon
Ides of March, Caesar is assassinated, the Roman Republic finally falls
Sulla marches on Rome, deposes Marius
Octavian’s victory at the Battle of Actium over Mark Antony, marking the start of the Roman Empire
Beginning of the Pax Romana—prosperity for Rome End of the Pax Romana
Q8
How was Roman society changed by the spread of Christianity? (1 point)
Roman society merged their polytheistic beliefs with Christianity.
Christianity became the new major religion of the empire.
The persecution of Christians increased following the Edict of Milan.
Different languages emerged from the spread of Christianity.
Q9
Which event led to Emperor Nero persecuting the Christians? (1 point)
the Council of Nicaea
the Great Fire of Rome
the crucifixion of Jesus
the Edict of Milan
Q10
What role did Constantine play in the spread of Christianity throughout the empire? (1 point)
When Constantine declared Christianity legal, other leaders refused to convert, which influenced pagan followers and limited the spread of Christianity.
After Constantine declared Christianity legal, Bishop Donatus advised forgiveness of previous church leadership, which inspired the rapid spread of Christianity throughout the empire.
Constantine declared Christianity legal, and it quickly spread throughout the land as Christians were free to worship and were given important leadership positions.
After Constantine lost the Battle of Milvian Bridge, the emperors and their people renewed their faith in pagan gods, limiting the spread of Christianity.
Q11
Which of the following was a political cause of the East-West Schism? (1 point)
disputes over the language of religious service
disputes over the role of religious icons
disputes over the nature of God and the Nicene Creed
disputes over the leadership of the Christian Church
Q12
Which statement explains how Justinian’s Code was a turning point in the regulation of the Byzantine Empire? (1 point)
Justinian’s Code complicated the existing legal code of the time period.
Justinian’s Code was added to the Byzantine Empire after his reign, when the empire started declining.
Justinian’s Code did not have an effect on the Byzantine Empire because the people considered traditional Roman law more important than new Byzantine laws.
Justinian’s Code codified Roman law and allowed Justinian to have greater control of his empire.
Part Three
Q25
Use the table to answer the question.
The Greek City-States Social Structure
Upper class: aristoi: Wealthy citizens Owned agricultural land and equipment Held positions in government
Middle class: artisans: Skilled craftsmen Provided specialized goods and services Granted citizenship and voting rights
Lower class: perioikoi: Owned less-valuable land Granted citizenship and voting rights Agricultural workers outside the city Varied among polis
Women: Unable to vote Unable to own land Did not have the same rights and privileges as men Rights varied by polis
Laborers and enslaved people: Unable to vote Unable to own lan Relied on their employer Had no legal rights Provided agricultural services
Foreign citizens: Not granted full rights Not granted full citizenship Could achieve citizenship based on resources Examine the social classes of the ancient Greek poleis.
In 3–5 sentences, discuss the differences among the social classes. (4 points)
Q26
In 3–5 sentences, analyze how a contribution made to math or science by a Greek scholar is still significant today. (4 points
Q27
Answer the following question in 3–5 sentences. Why was the development and spread of Christianity relatively slow in the Roman Empire? (4 points)
Q28
In 3–5 sentences, compare the motivations for territorial expansion between the Roman Empire under Trajan and the Byzantine Empire under Justinian I. (4 points)
Q29
In 1–2 sentences, compare the motivations and conquests of the Ottoman Empire and the Umayyad dynasty. (2 points)
Q30
“In the two centuries following Muhammad’s death, the relationship between religious and secular authorities changed substantially.” In 1–2 sentences, develop a logical argument in support of this statement. (2 points)
The correct answers are:
Q1: Oligarchies and monarchies had a ruling class that presided over the people and made decisions while democracies relied entirely on the people.
Q2: The belief that the gods interact with everyday life.
Q3: The Iliad.
Q4: The threat of the Persian Empire conquering Greece.
Q5: The Roman Republic’s senate and assemblies were crucial for decision making. The Inca Empire’s administrators helped the king keep order and law in different territories, no matter how large the empire was. The Mayan civilization had city-states that were less centralized than either the Republic or Inca Empire.
Q6: the Populares.
Q7: Plebeian tribune Tiberius Gracchus assassinated, Plebeian tribune Gaius Gracchus assassinated, Sulla marches on Rome, deposes Marius, First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus established, Caesar officially declares war on Rome proper by marching troops over Rubicon, Ides of March, Caesar is assassinated, the Roman Republic finally falls, Octavian succeeds Caesar and forms the Second Triumvirate, Octavian’s victory at the Battle of Actium over Mark Antony, marking the start of the Roman Empire, Beginning of the Pax Romana—prosperity for Rome, End of the Pax Romana.
Q8: Christianity became the new major religion of the empire.
Q9: the Great Fire of Rome.
Q10: Constantine declared Christianity legal, and it quickly spread throughout the land as Christians were free to worship and were given important leadership positions.
Q11: disputes over the leadership of the Christian Church.
Q12: Justinian’s Code codified Roman law and allowed Justinian to have greater control of his empire.
Part Two:
Q13
Which statement accurately describes the role of key individuals in the rise and spread of Islam? (1 point)
Muhammad was the leader and founder of Islam in its origin, and the Aṣḥāb people and companions all ruled territories that secured religious and social power expanding the Islamic Empire after Muhammad’s death.
Muhammad was the leader and founder of Islam in its origin, and the four caliphs ruled as separate leaders after the Sunni-Shiite split, which expanded the Islamic Empire after Muhammed’s death.
Muhammad was the leader and founder of Islam in its origin, the companions spread the religion, and the first four caliphs expanded the Islamic Empire after Muhammad’s death.
Allah was the leader and founder of Islam in its origin; the companions spread the religion as the first four caliphs expanded the Islamic Empire after Muhammad’s death.
Q14
In what way is ordering the key people and events helpful for understanding the growth of the Islamic Empire? (1 point)
Ordering the key people and events allows historians to understand which singular event led to the creation of the Islamic Empire.
Ordering the key people and events allows historians to understand the teachings of the Koran that developed the Islamic Empire.
Ordering the key people and events allows historians to understand the impact of the origins upon the development of the Islamic Empire.
Ordering the key people and events allows historians to understand exactly who created the Islamic Empire.
Q15
What is the cause and effect of the following described?
Causes: Political Revolts, Military Conquests, or Leadership changes and military conquest
Effects: The Umayyad Caliphate expanded to Iraq and centralized Islamic power, The Abbasid caliphate expanded to Iraq and developed socially and culturally, The Abbasid Caliphate expanded to Arabian Peninsula and centralized Islamic power, or The Abbasid Caliphate expanded to Anatolia and developed socially and culturally
Q16
Analyze why the Ottomans chose the term sultan for their leader. (1 point)
The name gave the impression Ottoman rulers were liked by caliphs.
It was given to the Ottoman leaders by Muhammad.
It was the name of the spiritual leader of Islam.
It sounded important when spoken.
Q17
Summarize the reasoning by Raymond Ibrahim that Europe was saved from Islam. (1 point)
The seat of Orthodox Christianity moved to Russia.
The cannon stopped the Muslim forces from coming into Europe.
Defeats of Muslims in 700s barred Islam from getting into Europe.
Four other important seats of Christianity were under Islamic control.
Q18
From which position were Christians and Jews excluded in the Islamic empires? (1 point)
soldiers
judges
teachers
administrators
Q19
Who was the emperor who reigned during the Islamic conquests of the Sasanian Empire? (1 point)
Yazdegerd III
Kavad II
Muhammad
Constantine
Q20
Which statement best describes cultural diffusion along Islamic trade routes? (1 point)
Ideas and practices were exchanged between regions connected by Islamic trade routes.
Islamic culture was untouched by trade.
Economic ideas were exchanged, but not religious ideas.
Islam failed to take root outside of the Islamic homelands.
Q21
Which of the following is an example of an impact Muslim trade had on European fashion during the Middle Ages? (1 point)
European men began to wear flowing linen pants and leather sandals.
Different fabrics, such as silk and cotton, became available to elite Europeans.
Imported textiles were limited in colors and designs.
Europeans began to use wool cloth.
Q22
How did Islam expand rapidly after the fall of the Roman Empire? (1 point)
Islamic empires joined together groups of Christians who had been forgotten by the Roman Empire.
Islamic empires joined together nomadic groups and small, local kingdoms that were left in a vacuum of power caused by the fall of the Roman Empire.
Islamic empires joined together big, expansive kingdoms left in a vacuum of power caused by the fall of the Roman Empire.
Islam did not expand rapidly after the fall of the Roman Empire.
Q23
What is the dominant religion in the Middle East today due to the spread of the religion in the area between 300 and 1500 CE? (1 point)
Buddhism
Islam
Judaism
Christianity
Q24
What was the effect of the development of the knowledge of navigation? (1 point)
The development of the knowledge of navigation had no effect. People had always traveled.
The knowledge of navigation allowed people to travel longer distances. This allowed people to travel without talking or meeting others.
The knowledge of navigation made binding and printing books easier. This allowed more people to learn to read.
The knowledge of navigation allowed people to travel longer distances. This allowed for more trading and a greater exchange of knowledge.
Q13: Muhammad was the leader and founder of Islam in its origin, the companions spread the religion, and the first four caliphs expanded the Islamic Empire after Muhammad’s death.
Q14: Ordering the key people and events allows historians to understand the impact of the origins upon the development of the Islamic Empire.
Q15: Causes: Political Revolts, Military Conquests, or Leadership changes and military conquest; Effects: The Umayyad Caliphate expanded to Iraq and centralized Islamic power, The Abbasid caliphate expanded to Iraq and developed socially and culturally, The Abbasid Caliphate expanded to Arabian Peninsula and centralized Islamic power.
Q16: The name gave the impression Ottoman rulers were liked by caliphs.
Q17: Defeats of Muslims in 700s barred Islam from getting into Europe.
Q18: teachers
Q19: Kavad II
Q20: Ideas and practices were exchanged between regions connected by Islamic trade routes.
Q21: Different fabrics, such as silk and cotton, became available to elite Europeans.
Q22: Islamic empires joined together nomadic groups and small, local kingdoms that were left in a vacuum of power caused by the fall of the Roman Empire.
Q23: Islam
Q24: The knowledge of navigation allowed people to travel longer distances. This allowed for more trading and a greater exchange of knowledge.
Q1: The correct statement that accurately describes the characteristics of each government type is:
Oligarchies and monarchies had a ruling class that presided over the people and made decisions while democracies relied entirely on the people.
Q2: A major characteristic of ancient Greek culture was the belief that the gods interact with everyday life.
Q3: The literary work created during the Archaic period is The Iliad.
Q4: The threat of the Persian Empire conquering Greece caused the Greeks to unify in defense of their culture and way of life.
Q5: The example that best explains the most crucial element of each civilization is:
The Roman Republic’s senate and assemblies were crucial for decision making. The Inca Empire’s administrators helped the king keep order and law in different territories, no matter how large the empire was. The Mayan civilization had city-states that were less centralized than either the Republic or Inca Empire.
Q6: Julius Caesar was affiliated with the political party known as the Populares.
Q7: The correct order of events that led to the collapse of the Roman Republic and rise of the Roman Empire is:
1. Plebeian tribune Tiberius Gracchus assassinated
2. Plebeian tribune Gaius Gracchus assassinated
3. Sulla marches on Rome, deposes Marius
4. First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus established
5. Caesar officially declares war on Rome proper by marching troops over Rubicon
6. Ides of March, Caesar is assassinated, the Roman Republic finally falls
7. Octavian succeeds Caesar and forms the Second Triumvirate
8. Octavian’s victory at the Battle of Actium over Mark Antony, marking the start of the Roman Empire
9. Beginning of the Pax Romana—prosperity for Rome
10. End of the Pax Romana
Q8: Roman society was changed by the spread of Christianity as Christianity became the new major religion of the empire.
Q9: The Great Fire of Rome led to Emperor Nero persecuting the Christians.
Q10: Constantine declared Christianity legal, and it quickly spread throughout the land as Christians were free to worship and were given important leadership positions.
Q11: A political cause of the East-West Schism was disputes over the leadership of the Christian Church.
Q12: Justinian’s Code was a turning point in the regulation of the Byzantine Empire because it codified Roman law and allowed Justinian to have greater control of his empire.
Part Three
Q25
Use the table to answer the question.
The Greek City-States Social Structure
Upper class: aristoi: Wealthy citizens Owned agricultural land and equipment Held positions in government
Middle class: artisans: Skilled craftsmen Provided specialized goods and services Granted citizenship and voting rights
Lower class: perioikoi: Owned less-valuable land Granted citizenship and voting rights Agricultural workers outside the city Varied among polis
Women: Unable to vote Unable to own land Did not have the same rights and privileges as men Rights varied by polis
Laborers and enslaved people: Unable to vote Unable to own lan Relied on their employer Had no legal rights Provided agricultural services
Foreign citizens: Not granted full rights Not granted full citizenship Could achieve citizenship based on resources Examine the social classes of the ancient Greek poleis.
In 3–5 sentences, discuss the differences among the social classes. (4 points)
Q26
In 3–5 sentences, analyze how a contribution made to math or science by a Greek scholar is still significant today. (4 points
Q27
Answer the following question in 3–5 sentences. Why was the development and spread of Christianity relatively slow in the Roman Empire? (4 points)
Q28
In 3–5 sentences, compare the motivations for territorial expansion between the Roman Empire under Trajan and the Byzantine Empire under Justinian I. (4 points)
Q29
In 1–2 sentences, compare the motivations and conquests of the Ottoman Empire and the Umayyad dynasty. (2 points)
Q30
“In the two centuries following Muhammad’s death, the relationship between religious and secular authorities changed substantially.” In 1–2 sentences, develop a logical argument in support of this statement. (2 points) Short Answer Rubric (2 points)
Q1: The answer can be found by analyzing the characteristics of each government type described in the chart. Oligarchies and monarchies had a ruling class or a single ruler who presided over the people and made decisions, while democracies relied entirely on the people. Therefore, the correct answer is: Oligarchies and monarchies had a ruling class that presided over the people while democracies relied entirely on the people.
Q2: To answer this question, you need to have some knowledge of ancient Greek culture. The correct answer can be deduced by eliminating the incorrect options. Ancient Greeks did not practice monotheistic beliefs, nor did they have a single written holy text. However, they did believe that the gods interacted with everyday life, therefore the correct answer is: the belief that the gods interact with everyday life.
Q3: To answer this question, you need to know which literary works were created during the Archaic period. The Archaic period in ancient Greece lasted roughly from the 8th century BCE to the 6th century BCE. Among the given options, "The Iliad" was created during this period.
Q4: You can answer this question by analyzing the options and identifying which event caused the Greeks to unify in defense of their culture and way of life. The correct answer is: the threat of the Persian Empire conquering Greece.
Q5: The example that best explains the most crucial element of each civilization can be deduced by analyzing the characteristics of each civilization described in the chart. The correct answer is: The Roman Republic’s senate and assemblies were crucial for decision making. The Inca Empire’s administrators helped the king keep order and law in different territories. The Mayan civilization had city-states that were less centralized than either the Republic or Inca Empire.
Q6: To answer this question, you need to know the political party with which Julius Caesar was affiliated. Among the given options, the correct answer is: the Populares.
Q7: To answer this question, you need to arrange the events in the correct chronological order. The correct order is as follows:
1. Plebeian tribune Tiberius Gracchus assassinated
2. Plebeian tribune Gaius Gracchus assassinated
3. Sulla marches on Rome, deposes Marius
4. First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus established
5. Octavian succeeds Caesar and forms the Second Triumvirate
6. Caesar officially declares war on Rome proper by marching troops over Rubicon
7. Ides of March, Caesar is assassinated, the Roman Republic finally falls
8. Octavian’s victory at the Battle of Actium over Mark Antony, marking the start of the Roman Empire
9. Beginning of the Pax Romana—prosperity for Rome
10. End of the Pax Romana
Q8: To answer this question, you need to understand the impact of the spread of Christianity on Roman society. The correct answer is: Christianity became the new major religion of the empire.
Q9: To answer this question, you need to know the event that led to Emperor Nero persecuting the Christians. Among the given options, the correct answer is: the Great Fire of Rome.
Q10: To answer this question, you need to understand the role of Constantine in the spread of Christianity throughout the empire. The correct answer is: Constantine declared Christianity legal, and it quickly spread throughout the land as Christians were free to worship and were given important leadership positions.
Q11: To answer this question, you need to identify the political cause of the East-West Schism. The correct answer is: disputes over the leadership of the Christian Church.
Q12: To answer this question, you need to understand the significance of Justinian's Code in the regulation of the Byzantine Empire. The correct answer is: Justinian’s Code codified Roman law and allowed Justinian to have greater control of his empire.