36. Supposed Mars has (or had) life, which of the following kinds of extremophiles are not expected on Mars? A) Hyperthermophiles B) Xerophiles C) Lithophiles D) Anaerobic extremophiles
37. Which Viking experiment showed initial evidence for still existing life on the Martian surface that has been refuted short time after by most scientists? A) Gas-Exchange Experiment B) Labeled Release Experiment C) Mass Spectrometer Experiment D) Answers A), B), and C)
38. How is the mass and size of Venus in comparison to Earth? A) Larger than those of Earth B) About the same C) Slightly smaller than those of Earth (about 90% to 95% in comparison) D) Much smaller than those of Earth (about 10% in comparison) E) Undetermined
39. When comparing Earth and Venus, which is the main difference regarding the planetary CO2 deposition? A) None B) Regarding Venus CO2 is mostly found in the atmosphere, whereas for Earth it is found in its geochemistry and oceans. C) Regarding Earth CO, is mostly found in the atmosphere, whereas for Venus it is found in its geochemistry and oceans. D) There is virtually no CO2 present on Earth.
40. Although considered to be a super-long shot, where is the best place to search for life on Venus? A) Venus's surface, near its equator B) Venus's surface, close to the poles C) Underground D) High atmosphere
41. In September 2020, which gas has been identified on Venus, which according to the authors) represents possible evidence for life? A) H2O water vapor B) PH, phosphine C) CH4 methane D) NH3 ammonia E) OG ozone
42. Which solar system planet (s) is/are host(s) to Europa and Enceladus? A) Mars B) Jupiter and Saturn, respectively C) Saturn and Jupiter, respectively D) Mars and Jupiter, respectively E) Mars and Saturn, respectively
43. How many moons are hosted by Jupiter and Saturn combined, which (if orbiting the Sun) based on their size would most likely be counted as planets? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
44. What is the size of Europa? A) Similar to Earth B) Similar to Mars C) Similar to Earth's Moon D) Much smaller than Earth's Moon
45. What are possible significant sources of energy in Europa? A) Tidal Energy B) Thermal Energy C) Magnetic Energy D) Answers A) and B) E) Answers A), B), and C)
46. Which of the following constitutes observational evidence that Europa might have an under- ground ocean? A) The cracks and rills in Europa's crust B) The magnetic field of Europa C) The number of craters on Europa D) Answers A) and B) E) Answers A), B), and C)
47. Which of the following is not evidence that Europa has an underground ocean? A) The cracks and rills in Europa's crust B) The magnetic field of Europa C) The numbers of craters on Europa D) The size of Europa
48. What and where) is Xanadu? A) Xanadu is a string of craters on Mars B) Xanadu is a set of grooves on Europa C) Xanadu is a "continent" on Titan D) Xanadu is a geological feature near the North pole of Enceladus
49. What is the type of "dynamic interaction" between Europa, Io, and Ganymede? A) Constant force of gravity B) Dynamic resonances C) Tidal interaction D) Answers A), B), and C) E) Answers B) and C)
50. Assumed that the most optimistic scenario occurred with life existing on Europa, how does the expected biomass compare to that of Earth? A) It is expected to be much larger B) It is expected to be somewhat larger C) It is expected to be similar to that of Earth D) It is expected to be much smaller
51. What is the most decisive characteristic of Titan? A) A large, moon-wide ocean B) Ongoing volcanism C) A thick, hazy atmosphere D) Being a strong source of UV and X-ray radiation E) Answers B) and C)
52. What is the dominant constituent of the Titan atmosphere? A) NH3 B) N2 C) CH4 D) 02 E) CO2
53. Where can we find the lake Ontario Lacus? A) On Titan (southern hemisphere) B) On Mars (near Mars's equator, although currently (mostly] dry) C) On Europa (south-eastern region) D) On Io (typically filled with hot magma, due to ongoing volcanic eruptions)
54. What is an important feature in the atmosphere of Titan? A) Strong magnetic fields B) Probable existence of liquids (rain) C) C-H chemistry, including other elements such as N and O D) Answers B) and C) E) Answers A), B), and C)
55. Preassumed that there is a "principle possibility" for life on Titan. What would be (the) possible significant energy source(s)? A) Tidal energy B) Magnetic energy C) Volcanic energy D) Chemical energy, supplied by reactions triggered by UV and X-ray radiation E) Answers C) and D)
56. Even though Titan has liquid methane on its surface, some internal heat, and plenty of carbon- containing compounds, it is not a good candidate for hosting life because A) Titan orbits within Saturn's radiation belt so its surface is completely sterilized by high-energy particles B) there is too much volcanic activity on the surface C) it has no ozone layer to protect the surface from harmful UV rays from the Sun D) it is far too cold, and methane is not a very good biological solvent
57. What is the size (i.e., diameter) of Enceladus? A) About 12,000 km (similar to Earth) B) About 5,000 km (similar to Titan) C) About 2,500 km (similar to Pluto) D) About 500 km E) About 100 km
58. On Saturn's moon Enceladus, fountains of ice particles and water vapor are seen to be spraying out of A) tiger stripe regions close to the south pole B) tectonic plate boundaries C) young impact craters near the north pole
59. Identify the dominant source of gravitation interaction (orbital resonance) regarding Enceladus leading to internal heating. A) Interaction with Titan B) Interaction with Dione C) Interactions with Europa and Ganymede D) Interaction with the Sun
60. What is the significance of the discovery of silica (quartz) released from Enceladus? A) It is evidence of ongoing plate tectonics on Enceladus B) It is evidence of microbial life present inside of Enceladus C) It is evidence of variable magnetic field strengths regarding Enceladus D) It is evidence of high temperatures about 90 °C) inside of Enceladus Free Response Part — up to 10 points per inquiry 1. Summarize why Earth's moon and Mercury have (and had) virtually no chance of hosting life. 2. Describe key aspects of the climate catastrophe previously happening on Venus.
11. Why is helium not considered relevant in conjunction with biochemistry? A) It is not very common in the Universe B) High level of radioactivity C) Inability to form bonds D) Answers A) and B) E) Answers A), B), and C)
12. Assuming an extraordinarily broad perspective of theoretical biochemistry - at which realms way Methane (CH4) and Ethane (C2H6) constitute a useful liquid in support of life? A) Venus B) Earth C) Mars D) Titan E) All of the above
36. D) Anaerobic extremophiles are not expected on Mars.
37. B) Labeled Release Experiment showed initial evidence for still existing life on the Martian surface that has been refuted short time after by most scientists.
38. A) Larger than those of Earth.
39. B) Regarding Venus CO2 is mostly found in the atmosphere, whereas for Earth it is found in its geochemistry and oceans.
40. D) High atmosphere is considered the best place to search for life on Venus, although it is considered a super-long shot.
41. B) PH, phosphine, has been identified on Venus in September 2020 and represents possible evidence for life.
42. B) Jupiter and Saturn are hosts to Europa and Enceladus, respectively.
43. E) Jupiter and Saturn combined host a total of five moons, which, based on their size, would most likely be counted as planets if they were orbiting the Sun.
44. C) Europa is similar in size to Earth's Moon.
45. E) Tidal Energy, Thermal Energy, and Magnetic Energy are all possible significant sources of energy in Europa.
46. E) The cracks and rills in Europa's crust, along with the magnetic field of Europa, and the number of craters on Europa, constitute observational evidence that it might have an underground ocean.
47. D) The size of Europa is not evidence that it has an underground ocean.
48. C) Xanadu is a "continent" on Titan.
49. D) Constant force of gravity, dynamic resonances, and tidal interaction are all types of dynamic interaction between Europa, Io, and Ganymede.
50. D) If life existed on Europa, the expected biomass is expected to be much smaller than that of Earth.
51. C) A thick, hazy atmosphere is the most decisive characteristic of Titan.
52. B) N2 is the dominant constituent of the Titan atmosphere.
53. A) Lake Ontario Lacus is located on Titan in the southern hemisphere.
54. D) The probable existence of liquids (rain) and C-H chemistry, including other elements such as N and O, are important features in the atmosphere of Titan.
55. D) Chemical energy, supplied by reactions triggered by UV and X-ray radiation, is a possible significant energy source on Titan.
56. D) Titan is not a good candidate for hosting life because it is far too cold, and methane is not a very good biological solvent.
57. E) The size (i.e., diameter) of Enceladus is about 100 km.
58. A) Fountains of ice particles and water vapor are seen to be spraying out of tiger stripe regions close to the south pole on Enceladus.
59. A) Interaction with Titan is the dominant source of gravitation interaction (orbital resonance) regarding Enceladus leading to internal heating.
60. D) The discovery of silica (quartz) released from Enceladus is evidence of high temperatures (about 90 °C) inside of Enceladus.
Free Response Part:
1. Earth's moon and Mercury have virtually no chance of hosting life because they lack several key conditions necessary for life, such as a suitable atmosphere, liquid water, and a stable climate. Both the moon and Mercury have extreme temperature variations, with hot days and freezing nights, making it difficult for life to survive. They also do not have a significant magnetic field to protect against harmful radiation from space. Additionally, the moon lacks an atmosphere, and Mercury has a very thin, inhospitable atmosphere. These factors make it highly unlikely for life to exist on these celestial bodies.
2. Venus experienced a climate catastrophe in the past due to a runaway greenhouse effect. The extreme amount of carbon dioxide in Venus' atmosphere led to a severe greenhouse effect, causing the planet's surface temperature to rise to extreme levels. The high temperatures, combined with a thick atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide, created a hostile environment where life as we know it cannot survive. The intense heat and pressure, along with the lack of liquid water, make it inhospitable for any form of life.
To answer these questions, we'll need to analyze the information provided and apply relevant knowledge. Here are the explanations for each question:
36. To determine which kinds of extremophiles are not expected on Mars, we need to understand the conditions on Mars. Mars is a cold and dry planet with a thin atmosphere, so extremophiles that thrive in extreme heat (hyperthermophiles) and extreme dryness (xerophiles) are not expected on Mars. Therefore, the answer is D) Anaerobic extremophiles.
37. The Viking experiment that showed initial evidence for still existing life on the Martian surface but was refuted later by most scientists is the Labeled Release Experiment. Therefore, the answer is B) Labeled Release Experiment.
38. When comparing the mass and size of Venus to Earth, we know that Venus is slightly smaller than Earth. Therefore, the answer is C) Slightly smaller than those of Earth (about 90% to 95% in comparison).
39. The main difference regarding the planetary CO2 deposition between Earth and Venus is that CO2 is mostly found in the atmosphere of Venus, whereas for Earth, it is found in its geochemistry and oceans. Therefore, the answer is B) Regarding Venus, CO2 is mostly found in the atmosphere, whereas for Earth, it is found in its geochemistry and oceans.
40. Although considered a super-long shot, the best place to search for life on Venus would be in its high atmosphere. Therefore, the answer is D) High atmosphere.
41. In September 2020, phosphine (PH3) was identified on Venus, which represents possible evidence for life according to the authors. Therefore, the answer is B) PH, phosphine.
42. Europa is a moon of Jupiter, and Enceladus is a moon of Saturn. Therefore, the answer is C) Saturn and Jupiter, respectively.
43. Jupiter hosts 79 moons, and Saturn hosts 82 moons. If we combine the number of moons hosted by Jupiter and Saturn, there are a total of 161 moons. Based on their size, if these moons were orbiting the Sun, three moons (Io, Europa, and Ganymede) would most likely be counted as planets. Therefore, the answer is C) 3.
44. Europa's size is similar to Earth's Moon. Therefore, the answer is C) Similar to Earth's Moon.
45. Possible significant sources of energy in Europa include tidal energy and thermal energy. Therefore, the answer is D) Answers A) and B).
46. Observational evidence that Europa might have an underground ocean includes the cracks and rills in Europa's crust and the magnetic field of Europa. Therefore, the answer is E) Answers A), B), and C).
47. All the options provided are evidence that Europa has an underground ocean, except for the size of Europa itself. Therefore, the answer is D) The size of Europa.
48. Xanadu is a "continent" on Titan. Therefore, the answer is C) Xanadu is a "continent" on Titan.
49. The dynamic interaction between Europa, Io, and Ganymede is a tidal interaction. Therefore, the answer is C) Tidal interaction.
50. In the most optimistic scenario with life existing on Europa, the expected biomass is expected to be much smaller compared to Earth. Therefore, the answer is D) It is expected to be much smaller.
51. The most decisive characteristic of Titan is its thick, hazy atmosphere and ongoing volcanism. Therefore, the answer is E) Answers B) and C).
52. The dominant constituent of the Titan atmosphere is nitrogen (N2). Therefore, the answer is B) N2.
53. Lake Ontario Lacus can be found on Titan's southern hemisphere. Therefore, the answer is A) On Titan (southern hemisphere).
54. Important features in the atmosphere of Titan include probable existence of liquids (rain) and C-H chemistry, including other elements such as N and O. Therefore, the answer is D) Answers B) and C).
55. Possible significant energy sources on Titan include volcanic energy and chemical energy supplied by reactions triggered by UV and X-ray radiation. Therefore, the answer is E) Answers C) and D).
56. Titan is not a good candidate for hosting life because it is far too cold, and methane is not a very good biological solvent. Therefore, the answer is D) It is far too cold, and methane is not a very good biological solvent.
57. Enceladus has a diameter of about 500 km. Therefore, the answer is D) About 500 km.
58. Fountains of ice particles and water vapor on Enceladus are seen to be spraying out of the tiger stripe regions close to the south pole. Therefore, the answer is A) Tiger stripe regions close to the south pole.
59. The dominant source of gravitational interaction (orbital resonance) regarding Enceladus leading to internal heating is its interaction with Dione. Therefore, the answer is B) Interaction with Dione.
60. The significance of the discovery of silica (quartz) released from Enceladus is that it is evidence of high temperatures (about 90 °C) inside of Enceladus. Therefore, the answer is D) It is evidence of high temperatures (about 90 °C) inside of Enceladus.
If you have any more questions, feel free to ask!
We do not do your homework for you. Although it might take more effort to do the work on your own, you will profit more from your effort. We will be happy to evaluate your work though.
What are your choices?