4. What did the Defiance Campaign and the Sharpeville demonstrations respectively achieve for the anti-apartheid movement?
The Defiance Campaign, which was a nonviolent resistance movement led by the African National Congress (ANC) in the early 1950s, achieved several important goals for the anti-apartheid movement. It brought international attention to the injustices of apartheid, mobilized mass participation in resistance activities, and demonstrated the power of nonviolent protest as a tool for social change. The campaign also galvanized support for the ANC and helped to solidify its position as a leading force in the struggle against apartheid.
The Sharpeville demonstrations, which took place in 1960 and resulted in the killing of 69 unarmed protesters by police, had a profound impact on the anti-apartheid movement. The massacre led to widespread condemnation of the apartheid regime both domestically and internationally, and sparked a wave of protests and resistance activities across South Africa. It also prompted the ANC and other anti-apartheid organizations to adopt more militant tactics in their struggle against apartheid.
Overall, both the Defiance Campaign and the Sharpeville demonstrations played a crucial role in advancing the goals of the anti-apartheid movement and increasing pressure on the apartheid regime to end its oppressive policies.