Discuss in details the history back ground of special education with references
Special education has a long and complex history rooted in the principle of providing equal opportunities and access to education for all individuals, regardless of their abilities or disabilities. Throughout history, individuals with disabilities were often marginalized and excluded from mainstream educational settings, leading to the development of separate educational programs tailored to meet the unique needs of these individuals.
One of the earliest recorded forms of special education dates back to ancient Greece, where individuals with disabilities were segregated from the general population and educated within separate facilities. However, it was not until the 19th century that special education programs began to take root in more formalized settings.
In the United States, the origins of special education can be traced back to the mid-19th century with the establishment of schools for the blind and deaf. These specialized schools provided tailored educational programs aimed at meeting the unique needs of individuals with sensory impairments.
The turning point for special education in the United States came with the passage of landmark legislation such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1975. This law mandated that all children with disabilities are entitled to a free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment possible. IDEA also outlined specific guidelines for the provision of individualized education programs (IEPs) and related services for students with disabilities.
Over the years, special education has undergone significant changes and advancements, including the shift towards inclusive education models that promote the integration of students with disabilities into general education classrooms. Inclusive education strives to create a supportive and inclusive environment that fosters the academic, social, and emotional development of all students, regardless of their abilities or disabilities.
Today, special education continues to evolve, with a focus on promoting equitable access to education for individuals with disabilities and ensuring that all students have the support and resources they need to thrive in educational settings. The field of special education is guided by a commitment to providing individualized support and accommodations that address the diverse needs of students with disabilities, ultimately leading to improved outcomes and opportunities for all learners.
References:
1. Hallahan, Daniel, w. et al. (2015). Introduction to special education: making a difference. Routledge.
2. Yell, Mitchell. (2011). The law and special education. Pearson.
3. Kauffman, J.Michael et al. (2005). Foundations of special education: an introduction. Wadsworth Publishing.
4. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004. https://sites.ed.gov/idea/
(Note: These references provide comprehensive information on the historical background and development of special education.)