How are the Chinese philosophies of Legalism and the Mandate of Heaven defined?
Legalism is a Chinese political philosophy that emphasizes the importance of strict laws and harsh punishments to maintain social order and stability. It argues that individuals are inherently self-interested and will only behave in a correct manner if they are compelled to do so through the threat of punishment. Legalism advocates for a strong central government with an authoritarian ruler who enforces and upholds the laws impartially.
The Mandate of Heaven is a concept in Chinese political philosophy that asserts the legitimacy of the emperor's rule based on his ability to govern justly and effectively. According to this belief, the ruler is chosen by divine mandate to rule over the people, and his power is maintained as long as he governs wisely and benevolently. If the ruler becomes corrupt or incompetent, it is believed that he loses the mandate of heaven, and is thus subject to overthrow by a more virtuous leader. This concept served as a justification for revolution and the dynastic cycle in Chinese history.