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~ IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA ~ Source: World History, Connections to Today, Core Support, Prentice Hall, 2001 (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2006. 1. Based on the pie chart, what major change occurred between 1850 and 1914? 2. Based on what you have already learned in the unit, WHY did this change occur? Scramble for Africa and Berlin Conference Scramble for Africa Though Europeans had trading posts on the coasts of Africa and Asia starting in the 15th and 16th centuries, they were unable to move into the interior of either continent because of resistance from the people who lived there and disease. This changed in the 19th century as the Industrial Revolution fueled European desire for more natural resources like gold, oil, rubber, diamonds, and ivory from Africa to fuel industrial production of goods and new innovations like the steamboat, advanced weapons, and medicine that lessened the effects of diseases like malaria led to the colonization of Africa. European nations competed for control of Africa during a period of time called the Scramble for Africa (1881-1914). During the Scramble for Africa, Europeans went from controlling 10% of Africa in 1870 to 90% of the continent in 1914. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia were independent African nations not under the control of European powers. 3. What was the Scramble for Africa? Berlin Conference Competition for control over Africa led to disputes 4. Who organized the Berlin Conference?
between European countries and those disagreements led to the Berlin Conference (1884-1885). The Berlin Conference of 1884–85 was a meeting held in Berlin, Germany and organized by Otto von Bismarck, the first chancellor of Germany. The purpose of the Berlin Conference was to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa by identifying which European nations would be allowed to control which parts of Africa. During the Berlin Conference, the European nations divided Africa up between themselves on maps, often drawing lines on the maps without any knowledge of the people who lived there and dividing up cultural, linguistic, and ethnic groups. No Africans were invited to the Berlin Conference and no Africans took part in deciding how the continent would be “carved up.” In the following decades, European governments sought to take over and control the sections of Africa that they agreed upon in Berlin in a little over three months. 5. Why was the Berlin Conference organized? 6. Who attended the Berlin Conference? 7. Who was not invited to attend the Berlin Conference? Why were they not invited? 8. What impact did the Berlin Conference have on Africa? Source: 9. What observations can you make about the cartoon? 10. How does this political cartoon demonstrate the Berlin Conference? 11. What do you think is the point of view of the cartoonist? What is your evidence? What were the effects of imperialism for Africa?
12. According to these two maps, what were the effects of imperialism for Africa? Artificial Boundaries The European imperialist created new boundaries for their territories in Africa based on the resources they were trying to gather, rather than any natural boundaries that already existed. Europeans drew these new borders with no regard for the Africans that lived there and payed no attention to the ethnic, cultural, or linguistic differences of the people. Europeans also renamed lakes, rivers, and territories to better suit the ruling nation; for example, Lake Victoria was named after Great Britain’s Queen Victoria. Cash Crops When European nations set up colonies in Africa, they believed it would be a great market to sell their finished goods and make a profit. Unfortunately for the Europeans, many Africans did not find European products to be necessary, so Europeans needed to find another way to ensure a profit. European businesses started to focus on the development of cash crops. Cash crops are crops that are made directly for sale and profit, such as peanuts, coffee beans, cocoa beans, and tobacco. The colonized people were forced to focus on growing these cash crops for their mother country instead of their own subsistence agriculture 13. What do you predict might be the effect or outcome of the boundaries that Europeans drew in Africa? 14. What do you predict might be the effect or outcome of the growth of cash crops for Africa? The Struggle for Southern Africa Africa, 1789 Africa, 1914
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Source: Punch, 1892 (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2007. Cecil John Rhodes was a British imperialist, businessman, mining tycoon, and politician in South Africa. He was a strong advocate of British colonialism and imperialism. Rhodes was the founder of the southern African territory of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe and Zambia), which was named after him in 1895. Rhodes also founded the De Beers diamond company which eventually controlled 90% of the world's diamond production. His master plan was to establish a Cape-to-Cairo railroad line linking British colonial interests in Africa between Egypt and the Cape. This 1892 depiction of Rhodes as "The Rhodes Colossus, Striding from Cape Town to Cairo," became a common image of British imperial power in Africa. 19. What observations can you make about the cartoon? 20. How does this political cartoon demonstrate imperialism? 21. What do you think is the point of view of the cartoonist? What is your evidence? 22. What does this image and background text reveal about British imperialists attitudes toward the people they conquered?
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1. The major change that occurred between 1850 and 1914 was the rapid colonization of Africa by European powers.
2. This change occurred because of the Industrial Revolution, which fueled European desire for natural resources from Africa to fuel industrial production. Additionally, advancements in technology such as advanced weapons and medicine allowed Europeans to overcome obstacles such as diseases like malaria and resistance from African people.
3. The Scramble for Africa was a period of intense competition among European nations for control of African territories.
4. The Berlin Conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck, the first chancellor of Germany.
5. The Berlin Conference was organized to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa.
6. Various European nations attended the Berlin Conference.
7. No Africans were invited to attend the Berlin Conference because European powers did not consider African voices or perspectives in the carving up of Africa.
8. The Berlin Conference had a significant impact on Africa as it led to the artificial drawing of boundaries without consideration for the ethnic, cultural, and linguistic differences of the African people.
9. The cartoon depicts a large figure representing British imperial power striding across Africa from Cape Town to Cairo.
10. The cartoon demonstrates the impact of imperialism, specifically British imperialism, on Africa.
11. The point of view of the cartoonist is likely to be critical of British imperialism, as evidenced by the portrayal of British power as a dominating force in Africa.
12. The effects of imperialism for Africa included the creation of artificial boundaries and the focus on cash crops for profit.
13. The boundaries drawn by Europeans in Africa could lead to social, political, and economic conflicts within the colonized territories.
14. The growth of cash crops in Africa resulted in a shift from subsistence agriculture to the production of crops for profit, which could have negative implications for the local population.
19. The cartoon depicts Cecil John Rhodes as a powerful figure dominating Africa with British imperial power.
20. The political cartoon demonstrates the idea of British imperialism and expansion in Africa.
21. The point of view of the cartoonist is likely to be critical of British imperialism, as seen in the portrayal of Rhodes as a towering figure over Africa.
22. The image and background text reveal a sense of superiority and domination held by British imperialists towards the African people they conquered, with a focus on exploitation and control.