Lichens are important in establishing a new ecosystem after an extreme disturbance because they are pioneers in colonizing bare rock or soil. Since lichens are able to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, they can help enrich the soil and create a more hospitable environment for other plant species to grow. Additionally, lichens provide food and habitat for various insects and small animals, which can kickstart the food chain in the new ecosystem. Their ability to break down rock into soil through their acids also helps in the process of soil formation and nutrient cycling, which is essential for the growth of more complex plant species. Overall, lichens play a crucial role in laying the foundation for a diverse and stable ecosystem to develop in the aftermath of a disturbance.
