The image above shows the retrograde (backward) motion of Mars as observed from Earth by the astronomer who discovered it. Knowing the orbits of Earth and Mars were important in the discovery of the three laws of planetary motion. Which of these mathematician/astronomers used observation and deductive reasoning to discover these laws?

A.
Sir Isaac Newton
B.
Galileo Galilei
C.
Tycho Brahe
D.
Johannes Kepler