Use the information below to complete the portfolio. Welcome! Today you learn to create, read, and understand phylogenetic trees!!! This portfolio will require you to think about past units! In a new window, go to (You can right-click and open in new tab or window) \r and click on "PLAY GAME" to get started. You can Sign In or use a Guest Pass. Let's start by playing the Evolution 101 video. (I highly suggest to turn on Closed Captioning by clicking on the "CC" on the video) Let's start by playing the Evolution 101 video. (I highly suggest to turn on Closed Captioning by clicking on the "CC" on the video) According to the video, natural selection relies on what two key "ingredients"?(1 point) Responses Life and Death Life and Death Reproduction and Variation Reproduction and Variation Small populations and Emmigration Small populations and Emmigration Strength and Perfection Strength and Perfection Question 2 A)Let's start again with the video. (Once again, turn on the captions) Phylogenetic trees are a depiction of what?(1 point) Responses How species are evolving towards perfection. How species are evolving towards perfection. How individuals of the same species are related to each other. How individuals of the same species are related to each other. How different species are related to each other. How different species are related to each other. How family members are related to each other. How family members are related to each other. B)According to the video, when two branches split off from each other, it means what?(1 point) Responses Emmigration Emmigration Speciation Speciation Extinction Extinction Reproduction Reproduction C)Now, click the "Play" button under Red, green, and gecko. Drag both the gecko and tree to the black box. Then drag the blue ball underneath where the branches split off and click "Next." Now use the magnifying glass to explore the three species. Select the box, if the species has the trait in the below table.(1 point) Cells with Nuclei Photosynthetic autotroph Heterotrophic Flu agaric mushroom Palm Tree Gecko D)Now, drag the colored trait balls to the tree. You will place the trait below the species that have that trait. Once you have completed the tree, you can tell which species are most closely related by, how many branches they have in common. Which species is the mushroom more closely related to?(1 point) Responses Gecko Gecko Tree Tree E)Complete the sentence below.(1 point) Put responses in the correct input to answer the question. Select a response, navigate to the desired input and insert the response. Responses can be selected and inserted using the space bar, enter key, left mouse button or touchpad. Responses can also be moved by dragging with a mouse. When we scientists say two species are more closely related, another way of saying it is they share a Response area common ancestor. more distantcloser F)Click the "Play" button under Familiar Faces. Use the magnifying glass and explore the species as you did before.(4 points) Amniote Vertebrate Bilateral Symetry Dog Stick Insect Kingsnake Goldfish G)What trait do all of the species have in common?(1 point) Responses none of the above none of the above vertebrate vertebrate amniote amniote bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry H)Which species are most closely related?(1 point) Responses Goldfish and kingsnake Goldfish and kingsnake Dog and kingsnake Dog and kingsnake Kingsnake and stick insect Kingsnake and stick insect Stick insect and goldfish Stick insect and goldfish I)Click the "Play" button under Tree of Life: Vegetarian edition. Use the magnifying glass and explore the species as you did before. Hint: All except the seaweed produce flowers.(5 points) 3 Petals 4 or 5 Petals Photosynthetic Produces flowers Releases spores Banana Seaweed Radish Lemon Onion J)Finish this tree. If you are having a hard time, pair the species by the number of petals first. If you are still have difficulty with this (which is totally ok, this is not easy!) I did Banana, Onion, Lemon, Radish, and Seaweed in that order. You do not have to have the same order has me. According to this tree, what is a banana most closely related to?(1 point) Responses Onion Onion Lemon Lemon Seaweed Seaweed Radish Radish
Lemon
answer all the questions
Question 1: The two key "ingredients" that natural selection relies on are Reproduction and Variation.
Question 2A: Phylogenetic trees are a depiction of How different species are related to each other.
Question 2B: When two branches split off from each other on a phylogenetic tree, it means Speciation.
Question 2C:
- Cells with Nuclei: Palm Tree
- Photosynthetic autotroph: Palm Tree
- Heterotrophic: Gecko
Question 2D: The mushroom is most closely related to the Palm Tree.
Question 2E: When scientists say two species are more closely related, another way of saying it is they share a common ancestor.
Question 2F:
- Amniote: Dog
- Vertebrate: Goldfish, Kingsnake, Dog
- Bilateral Symmetry: Stick Insect
Question 2G: The trait that all of the species have in common is Vertebrate.
Question 2H: The most closely related species are Goldfish and Kingsnake.
Question 2I:
- 3 Petals: Radish
- 4 or 5 Petals: Lemon
- Photosynthetic: Banana, Radish, Lemon, Onion
- Produces flowers: Banana, Radish, Lemon, Onion
- Releases spores: Seaweed
Question 2J: According to the tree, a banana is most closely related to Onion.
A)In the picture above, where are the species that lived most recently?(1 point) Responses Fossils do not exist and the earth is flat Fossils do not exist and the earth is flat Towards the bottom Towards the bottom In the middle In the middle Towards the top Towards the top B)Click the "Play" button under Eating Dinosaurs for dinner. Use the magnifying glass and explore the species as you did before.(5 points) 2-fingered Feathers Toothless Wishbone Albertosaurus Archaeopteryx Chicken Ostrich T. Rex C)Which of the dinosaurs is most closely related to modern birds according to this tree?(1 point) Responses Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx Dinosaurs, like all birds, are not real. Dinosaurs, like all birds, are not real. Albertosaurus Albertosaurus T. Rex T. Rex D)Complete the "Origin of whales" tree. (This one is really hard so you can look at the next page to find the answer, but try completing it by yourself first) According to the tree, what does dorudons, blue whales, and killer whales have in common that the other species do not?(1 point) Responses Underwater nursing Underwater nursing Ability to shoot rainbows out of their eyes Ability to shoot rainbows out of their eyes Living in seawater Living in seawater Tail flukes Tail flukes Question 4 Since its discovery in 1953, DNA has revolutionized the study of evolutionary relationships. Darwin didn’t know about DNA. He couldn’t explain how traits were passed from one generation to the next—he just knew that they were. Were Darwin alive today, he’d no doubt be astonished at how much we can learn about the natural world without even leaving the lab. Before you start the first level in this mission, “Frog legs and fish eggs,” watch the introductory video and answer the following questions. A)For a mutation to have an affect on the species as a whole, it must:(1 point) Responses Be inheritable and be able to be passed on to offspring Be inheritable and be able to be passed on to offspring Be able to benefit the individual Be able to benefit the individual Be neutral and not affect the survival of the individual Be neutral and not affect the survival of the individual B)What is best to determine if species are closely related?(1 point) Responses They have similar physical traits. They have similar physical traits. They have similar genetic make up. They have similar genetic make up. They live in the same geographic area. They live in the same geographic area. They are easily stackable! They are easily stackable! Frog legs and fish eggs: When scientists compare DNA, there are usually thousands upon thousands—or even millions—of nucleotide bases involved. A computer then scans the sequences and aligns them in a way that provides the best match. In some cases, the computer will add “blank” spaces to improve alignment. Such spaces represent nucleotides that were added or deleted as opposed to changed in one or more lineages. In this level, you’ll get the hang of analyzing DNA by looking at a tiny 4-base snippet. A dash (–) represents either a blank space added to improve alignment or a position that is not important for the analysis you’ve been asked to do. To make things easier, the information from the species compare tab is shown below. However, don’t forget to read the species tabs—they might help you. C) Position 1 2 3 4 Midas cichlid (outgroup) - C C - W. Indian Coelacanth - C T - Western Clawed frog - C T - On your phylogenetic tree, which two species are grouped together? (1 point) Responses Cichlid and coelacanth Cichlid and coelacanth Cichlid and frog Cichlid and frog Frog and coelacanth Frog and coelacanth D) One fish, two fish, red fish, lungfish: For a long time, scientists thought that coelacanths were the closest living relatives to amphibians. Coelacanths have big fleshy fins and hinged jaws, two traits they share with fossils of ancestral amphibians. When they went to analyze the DNA, however, they got a surprise. Take a look at the data yourself and see what you come up with. Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Great white shark (outgroup) C - C T - - - - - T Midas cichlid C - C C - - - - - T S. American lungfish T - C C - - - - - A W. Indian coelacanth T - C C - - - - - T Western clawed frog T - C C - - - - - A Scientists previously thought that frogs and coelacanth are most closely related due to physical characteristics. With DNA evidence, we now know that frogs are more closely related to which of the following? (1 point) Responses Cichlid Cichlid Lungfish Lungfish Great white shark Great white shark Question 5 A) Conclusion Alright, I think that is probably enough phylogenetic tree making for today. Hopefully, you can now be able to read these amazing evolutionary tools. And now some final EOC questions and essay!!! Yay! This cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships among some mammals based on homologous structures Which statement is supported by this cladogram? (1 point) Responses Hippopotamuses are more closely related to cows than to javelinas Hippopotamuses are more closely related to cows than to javelinas Cows and mouse deer are more closely related than javelinas and pigs. Cows and mouse deer are more closely related than javelinas and pigs. Toothed whales are more closely related to mouse deer than to hippopotamuses. Toothed whales are more closely related to mouse deer than to hippopotamuses. Javelinas and pigs are more closely related than baleen whales and toothed whales Javelinas and pigs are more closely related than baleen whales and toothed whales B) Scientists can determine relatedness among organisms by comparing partial amino acid sequences. The table shows four partial amino acid sequences from four organisms. Organism 1 SER LEU VAL GLU Organism 2 LEU SER ASN VAL Organism 3 ALA LEU SER GLU Organism 4 THR LEU SER GLU (1 point) Responses Organism 1 Organism 1 Organism 2 Organism 2 Organism 3 Organism 3 Organism 4 Organism 4 C) The relationships among different orders of millipedes are shown in the cladogram. Based on this cladogram, which statement best describes relationships among millipede orders? (1 point) Responses Stemmiulida is more closely related to Merocheta than Penicillata is to Merocheta. Stemmiulida is more closely related to Merocheta than Penicillata is to Merocheta. Spirostreptida is more closely related to Glomerida than Sphaerotheriida is to Glomerida. Spirostreptida is more closely related to Glomerida than Sphaerotheriida is to Glomerida. Polyzoniida is more closely related to Glomeridesmida than Sphaerotheriida is to Glomeridesmida. Polyzoniida is more closely related to Glomeridesmida than Sphaerotheriida is to Glomeridesmida. Merocheta is more closely related to Glomeridesmida than Glomerida is to Glomeridesmida. answer all the questions
A) In the picture, where are the species that lived most recently?
- Towards the bottom
B)
- 2-fingered: Archaeopteryx
- Feathers: Archaeopteryx, Chicken, Ostrich
- Toothless: Archaeopteryx, Chicken, Ostrich
- Wishbone: Archaeopteryx, Chicken
C) The dinosaur most closely related to modern birds according to the tree is Archaeopteryx.
D) According to the "Origin of whales" tree, dorudons, blue whales, and killer whales have in common the trait Tail flukes that the other species do not have.
Question 4
A) For a mutation to have an effect on the species as a whole, it must be inheritable and be able to be passed on to offspring.
B) The best way to determine if species are closely related is if they have similar genetic make up.
C) Based on the DNA comparison:
- Cichlid and frog are grouped together.
D) With DNA evidence, frogs are more closely related to Lungfish.
Question 5
A) The statement supported by the cladogram is "Hippopotamuses are more closely related to cows than to javelinas."
B) Organism 2 has sequence similarity to the primordial ancestor based on the partial amino acid sequences given.
C) Based on the cladogram, Merocheta is more closely related to Glomeridesmida than Glomerida is to Glomeridesmida.