18. When a person has their eyes shut then opens in a bright room, what happens in terms of her pupils and why?

When a person has their eyes shut and then opens them in a bright room, their pupils will constrict. This is because the bright light stimulates the photoreceptors in the retina, which send a signal to the brain to reduce the amount of light entering the eye. The pupils constrict in order to limit the amount of light entering the eye, protecting it from damage and allowing for better focus and clarity in bright conditions.