what is the difference between mutualism and commensalism
Mutualism and commensalism are both types of ecological relationships between different species. However, there are key differences between the two:
1. Mutualism: Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where both species involved benefit from the interaction. The relationship is mutually beneficial and necessary for the survival or success of both organisms. In mutualism, each species provides some resource or service to the other. Examples include pollination, where flowers provide nectar to pollinators in exchange for pollen transfer, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which provide plants with nutrients in exchange for a habitat and nutrients from the plant.
2. Commensalism: Commensalism is a type of relationship where one species benefits from the interaction, while the other is neither harmed nor benefited. The species that benefits is called the commensal, while the other species is referred to as the host. Commensal relationships often involve one species gaining a resource, such as shelter or food, without affecting the host. An example of commensalism is orchids growing on tree branches, using the tree as support but not negatively impacting it.
In summary, mutualism is a relationship characterized by both species benefiting, while commensalism involves one species benefiting without impacting the other species.