1. What new technology helped spread Martin Luther’s ideas throughout Europe?
2. Why did Wycliffe support the translation of the Bible into English?
3. What are some possible reasons why Martin Luther chose to side with the nobility
against the peasants in the 1525 revolt?
4. How did Zwingli feel about Luther’s efforts to reform the Catholic Church? Explain.
5. Why did the people of Zurich destroy religious art in their churches?
6. What caused Henry VIII to break with the Roman Catholic Church and form the
Church of England?
7. What was the primary goal of the Habsburg dynasty when Charles I took the
throne in 1516?
8. What three challenges did Charles I face in his efforts to bring about political and
religious unity?
9. Why did Philip II try to invade England in 1588?
10. Who called the series of meetings known as the Council of Trent, and what was
the outcome of those meetings?
11. How did the use of Latin reflect the structure of the Roman Catholic Church?
12. What were the possible financial benefits to rulers who became Protestants?
13. How did the spread of the Lutheran and Calvinist branches of Protestantism differ
from that of the Anglican branch?
14. What were the effects of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation on
settlement in the Americas?
1. The printing press helped spread Martin Luther's ideas throughout Europe by allowing for the mass production and distribution of his pamphlets and writings.
2. Wycliffe supported the translation of the Bible into English in order to make it more accessible to the common people and to promote a more personal and direct relationship with God without the need for intermediaries such as priests.
3. Some possible reasons why Martin Luther chose to side with the nobility against the peasants in the 1525 revolt include his belief in social order and hierarchy, his fear that the uprising would lead to chaos and anarchy, and his concern that the peasants were using his religious ideas to justify their rebellion.
4. Zwingli initially supported Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church, but he had some theological disagreements with Luther and ultimately developed his own ideas and reforms, leading to the formation of the Swiss Reformed Church.
5. The people of Zurich destroyed religious art in their churches because they believed it promoted idolatry and distracted from true worship. They sought to create a more simplistic and focused form of worship.
6. Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church and formed the Church of England primarily because he wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and marry Anne Boleyn. The Catholic Church refused to grant him an annulment, leading to his break with Rome.
7. The primary goal of the Habsburg dynasty when Charles I took the throne in 1516 was to maintain and expand their power and territories, particularly through the continuation of the Catholic faith throughout their lands.
8. The three challenges Charles I faced in his efforts to bring about political and religious unity were religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, political opposition from various factions within his empire, and territorial disputes.
9. Philip II tried to invade England in 1588 because he wanted to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism to England. He saw himself as a champion of the Catholic faith and believed it was his duty to eliminate Protestantism in Europe.
10. The Council of Trent was called by Pope Paul III and its outcome was the reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine and the implementation of various reforms to counter the spread of Protestantism. The council emphasized the importance of faith and good works, addressed issues of corruption within the clergy, and established clear guidelines for religious practices.
11. The use of Latin in the Catholic Church reflected the hierarchical structure of the church, with the clergy using Latin for rituals and worship while the common people often did not understand it. This helped maintain the authority and control of the clergy over religious practices and interpretation.
12. Rulers who became Protestants could gain financial benefits such as seizing the property and wealth of Catholic institutions, including monasteries and churches. They could also control and tax the clergy, further increasing their wealth and power.
13. The spread of the Lutheran and Calvinist branches of Protestantism was more focused on individual interpretation of scripture and the rejection of certain Catholic practices, while the Anglican branch (Church of England) maintained more similarities to Catholicism in terms of structure and ritual.
14. The Reformation and Counter-Reformation had various effects on settlement in the Americas. Protestant settlers, such as the Puritans, sought religious freedom and established colonies in North America. Meanwhile, Catholic colonies like those in Spanish America were influenced by the Counter-Reformation and spread Catholicism to indigenous populations. Overall, the religious divisions of the time influenced the colonization and missionary efforts in the Americas.