Managers of some public lands now understand the importance of fire in the cycles of nature. When a lightning fire poses no danger to people or buildings, some public agencies now let it burn. Many forests that have not been allowed to burn for decades contain dangerous amounts of fuel. A lightning strike in such a forest could lead to a big, hot, dangerous fire. Suppressing fire in other environments, such as grasslands, has also led to undesirable changes. The best answer to these problems appears to be to fight fire with fire. Land managers use prescribed fire, carefully planned burns that bring about desirable changes. 2 Wildfires usually occur in the summer or early fall, when grasslands and forests are dry. But prescribed burning is more likely to be planned for less extreme conditions so the fires can be better controlled. For example, grassland burning at Arkansas National Wildlife Refuge in Texas is done during the cool winter months. Prescribed burns in Montana forests are usually carried out during the spring. 3 The problems caused by fire suppression are huge. About 40 million acres of forests across the country are at risk for dangerous fires because natural fires have not been allowed to burn for so many years. 4 The goals of prescribed burning are clear. A prescribed fire should burn away heavy undergrowth of brush to remove potential fuel for wildfire. When a fire has plenty of fuel, it burns hotter and travels faster, covering more territory in less time and getting out of control more easily. With a moderate amount of fuel, a wildfire is less likely to burn hot enough to kill adult trees or to overrun an entire forest. 5 When the brush and deadwood on the forest floor burn, they release nutrients that can nourish the trees, grasses, and other forest plants. The less cluttered forest floor, with its fresh growth, provides fine habitat for wildlife such as elk and deer. 6 The increase in food for wildlife brought about by burning can also be dramatic. When shrubs are allowed to grow without fire, more and more energy goes into maintaining the old wood, and less goes into new growth. When the old wood burns, the shrub puts out many new, succulent shoots that provide food for deer and elk. In an acre of northern shrubland deprived of fire for twenty years, only thirty to forty-five pounds of food for wildlife is produced yearly. After a fire, that same acre will produce at least four hundred to six hundred pounds of food in a year.

Question

Managers of some public lands now understand the importance of fire in the cycles of nature. When a lightning fire poses no danger to people or buildings, some public agencies now let it burn. Many forests that have not been allowed to burn for decades contain dangerous amounts of fuel. A lightning strike in such a forest could lead to a big, hot, dangerous fire. Suppressing fire in other environments, such as grasslands, has also led to undesirable changes. The best answer to these problems appears to be to fight fire with fire. Land managers use prescribed fire, carefully planned burns that bring about desirable changes. 2 Wildfires usually occur in the summer or early fall, when grasslands and forests are dry. But prescribed burning is more likely to be planned for less extreme conditions so the fires can be better controlled. For example, grassland burning at Arkansas National Wildlife Refuge in Texas is done during the cool winter months. Prescribed burns in Montana forests are usually carried out during the spring. 3 The problems caused by fire suppression are huge. About 40 million acres of forests across the country are at risk for dangerous fires because natural fires have not been allowed to burn for so many years. 4 The goals of prescribed burning are clear. A prescribed fire should burn away heavy undergrowth of brush to remove potential fuel for wildfire. When a fire has plenty of fuel, it burns hotter and travels faster, covering more territory in less time and getting out of control more easily. With a moderate amount of fuel, a wildfire is less likely to burn hot enough to kill adult trees or to overrun an entire forest. 5 When the brush and deadwood on the forest floor burn, they release nutrients that can nourish the trees, grasses, and other forest plants. The less cluttered forest floor, with its fresh growth, provides fine habitat for wildlife such as elk and deer. 6 The increase in food for wildlife brought about by burning can also be dramatic. When shrubs are allowed to grow without fire, more and more energy goes into maintaining the old wood, and less goes into new growth. When the old wood burns, the shrub puts out many new, succulent shoots that provide food for deer and elk. In an acre of northern shrubland deprived of fire for twenty years, only thirty to forty-five pounds of food for wildlife is produced yearly. After a fire, that same acre will produce at least four hundred to six hundred pounds of food in a year.

7 How do land managers decide where to burn? Hundreds of thousands of acres of public lands are possible candidates. In recent years, more and more people have moved into the countryside, often right on the borders of National Forest lands. Such areas are at the top of the list for prescribed burns so that the fire hazard to people and homes is reduced. 8 In 1997, the U.S. Forest Service decided to burn more than 52,000 acres in its Northern Region (Montana and parts of Idaho, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming). Five million acres of northern forests evolved over the ages with fire and were burned by lightning fires about every twenty years. Such forests consisted mostly of ponderosa pines, with some larch and Douglas fir. The frequent, natural fires burned low to the ground, killing the underbrush and young firs, which produced an open forest. 9 More than eighty years of fire suppression has changed these forests dramatically. Now they are overcrowded with Douglas fir and prone to superhot fires that can kill older trees and sterilize the soil, making regrowth take years longer. Such hot, intense fires are also more dangerous to firefighters. 10 Unfortunately, many of the forests have gone so long without fire that even prescribed burning would be dangerous. Some logging or thinning of the trees would need to be done before they can be safely burned. 11 Native Americans once helped maintain healthy grasslands with their fires. Now managers of wildlands are doing the same thing in many parts of the country. An example is the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge south of Tucson, Arizona. This refuge represents the last remnant of Sonoran savanna grasslands in the United States. Cattle once roamed across the refuge, feeding on the grasses and changing the ecosystem drastically. 12 Now, cattle have been barred, and the refuge is burned to get rid of weeds and shrubs like mesquite. The endangered masked bobwhite quail is being reintroduced, and habitat is being created for birds that stop there on their long migrations. 13 Not everyone is happy with prescribed burning. Cattle ranchers would like to return their herds to the Buenos Aires refuge, and many critics complain about the cost of reintroducing quail. 14 Prescribed fire in forests also has its opponents. Some believe logging can solve the problem of crowded forests, while others fear that fires will escape into populated areas. But the problem of lands damaged by leaving out fire, a major player in the natural system, will not go away. One way or another, fire will take part. A controlled burn costs money and can cause some air pollution. But fighting a wildfire is many more times as expensive and can bring long periods of smoky conditions. Controlled burns are good “preventative medicine” and can help fire return to its role of maintaining and renewing ecosystems. (jot down importany key notes in he text and give a reason for why)

Answer 1

1. Importance of fire in the cycles of nature - Fire plays a crucial role in maintaining and renewing ecosystems by removing excess undergrowth and fuel for wildfires. It also releases nutrients into the soil and creates habitat for wildlife.

2. Timing of prescribed burns - Prescribed burns are planned for less extreme conditions, such as the cool winter months for grassland burning and the spring for forest burning, to ensure better control over the fires.
3. Risks of fire suppression - Suppressing fire for decades has led to an accumulation of dangerous fuel in forests, putting about 40 million acres at risk for dangerous fires.
4. Goals of prescribed burning - The main goal of prescribed burning is to remove heavy undergrowth and reduce the fuel for wildfires. This helps prevent fires from burning hot enough to kill adult trees or overrun an entire forest.
5. Benefits of burning for forest plants and wildlife - Burning clears the forest floor, releases nutrients, and creates fresh growth, which provides a fine habitat for wildlife. It also increases food production for deer and elk, as the new growth is more nutritious.
6. Decision-making process for prescribed burns - Land managers prioritize areas near human settlements for prescribed burns to reduce the fire hazard to people and homes.
7. Negative impacts of fire suppression in Northern Region forests - Fire suppression in northern forests has led to overcrowding, increased risk of superhot fires, and prolonged regrowth period. Such intense fires are also more dangerous for firefighters.
8. Challenges of prescribed burning in long-unburned forests - Many forests have gone so long without fire that they require logging or thinning before they can be safely burned.
9. Prescribed burning in grasslands to restore ecosystems - Prescribed burning in grasslands helps control weeds and shrubs and create suitable habitat for various bird species, including the endangered masked bobwhite quail.
10. Opposing views on prescribed burning - Some cattle ranchers and critics oppose prescribed burning, either due to the desire to reintroduce cattle or concerns about costs and potential wildfires. However, the damage caused by fire exclusion cannot be ignored, and controlled burns are necessary for maintaining and renewing ecosystems.