An important effect of Islamic expansion in the 700s CE on the civilization of Europe in the Middle Ages was that it
introduced new ideas, knowledge, and technologies to Europe. The Islamic expansion in the 700s CE had a significant impact on medieval Europe as it influenced various aspects of civilization, including science, mathematics, philosophy, trade, and architecture.
One of the most substantial contributions of Islamic expansion to Europe was the preservation and translation of ancient Greek and Roman texts. During the Middle Ages, Europe had largely lost access to the works of famous Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates. However, Muslim scholars actively sought out and translated these texts into Arabic, preserving the knowledge and wisdom of classical antiquity. Eventually, these translated works were reintroduced to Europe, sparking the European Renaissance and leading to a revival of learning and intellectual progress.
Additionally, the Islamic world made significant advances in mathematics and the sciences. Muslim mathematicians, such as Al-Khwarizmi, developed the decimal system and introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe, replacing the cumbersome Roman numeral system. Islamic scholars also made key contributions to astronomy, optics, medicine, and other scientific fields. These advancements not only expanded Europe's understanding of the world but also set the foundation for its own scientific progress in future centuries.
The Islamic expansion also facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies between Europe and the Islamic world. Through the Mediterranean Sea, trade flourished between Islamic territories and various European regions. This economic integration enriched both civilizations by promoting cultural exchange, introducing new products, and facilitating the spread of knowledge. For example, the Europeans acquired advanced farming techniques from the Islamic world, including new crop varieties and irrigation methods, which greatly improved agricultural productivity in Europe.
Moreover, Islamic architecture, with its ornate designs, intricate geometric patterns, and innovative construction techniques, influenced European architectural styles during the Middle Ages. The most notable example is the introduction of Islamic arches and vaults in Gothic architecture, which revolutionized European church construction. This architectural exchange resulted in the creation of magnificent landmarks such as the Alhambra in Spain and the Great Mosque of Cordoba, which left a lasting impact on European architectural styles.
In summary, the Islamic expansion in the 700s had a profound effect on the civilization of Europe in the Middle Ages. It brought back ancient Greek and Roman texts, stimulated scientific advancements, facilitated trade, and influenced European architecture. These contributions laid the groundwork for Europe's intellectual progress and cultural development during the Middle Ages and beyond.