Explain whether surveys and observations can be used to justify conclusions about causation?
A) Surveys and observations can be used to justify conclusions about causation when the subjects are randomly selected.
B) Surveys and observations cannot be used to justify conclusions about causation because random assignment only happens in an experiment.
C) Surveys and observations cannot be used to justify conclusions about causation because subjects are only randomly selected in experiments.
D) Only observations can be used to justify conclusions about causation because the researchers in an observation can affect the subjects.
B) Surveys and observations cannot be used to justify conclusions about causation because random assignment only happens in an experiment.
In surveys and observations, researchers do not have control over the assignment of subjects to different conditions or treatments. Without random assignment, it is difficult to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. Surveys and observations can provide valuable information about associations or correlations between variables, but they do not provide the experimental control necessary to establish causation.