Valleys and mountain ranges form through a variety of geological processes. Mountains typically form as a result of tectonic activity, when two or more tectonic plates collide or are pushed together. This collision causes immense pressure, forcing the Earth's crust to fold and create uplifted areas, resulting in mountain ranges. Valleys, on the other hand, may form through different processes such as erosion by rivers, glaciers, or volcanic activity. These erosional forces gradually wear away the rock and soil, carving out the low-lying areas between mountain peaks.
