Describe jet streams.
Jet streams are narrow, meandering air currents in the atmosphere that travel at high speeds, typically at altitudes of around 30,000 to 40,000 feet (9,000 to 12,000 meters). They are found in the upper levels of the troposphere and are formed due to the temperature and pressure differences between air masses.
Jet streams can extend over thousands of kilometers and can have speeds exceeding 100 miles per hour (160 kilometers per hour). They are predominantly westerly in nature, flowing from west to east, but they can also have north-south meanders, creating wave-like patterns.
The formation of jet streams is influenced by the Earth's rotation and the interaction between warm and cold air masses. The temperature gradient between these air masses creates a strong pressure gradient, which results in the formation of fast-flowing winds within a narrow zone.
Jet streams play a significant role in global weather patterns. They can impact the formation and movement of weather systems, such as storms and cyclones. They also affect the flight paths and times of aircraft, as flying with or against the jet stream can either increase or decrease the travel time respectively.
Overall, jet streams are important atmospheric phenomena that have a profound influence on weather, climate, and aviation.