How did the Assyrians keep control over their large empire?
The Assyrians employed various strategies to maintain control over their vast empire. Here are some of the key methods they employed:
1. Military Might: The Assyrians built a formidable army, which consisted of well-trained and highly disciplined infantry and cavalry units. They constantly expanded and strengthened their military capabilities to deter external threats and suppress potential rebellions within their territories.
2. Effective Administration: The Assyrians established a centralized bureaucratic system to efficiently govern their empire. They appointed regional governors known as "satraps" and stationed military garrisons in provinces to ensure efficient administration, collection of taxes, and enforcement of laws.
3. Infrastructure Development: The Assyrians invested significantly in infrastructure development, including the construction of roads, bridges, canals, and fortified cities. This allowed for efficient communication, trade, and rapid movement of troops, facilitating the empire's control over distant regions.
4. Strategic Deportations and Relocations: The Assyrians practiced a policy of mass deportation of conquered people to different regions of their empire. By scattering these populations, they disrupted communal ties, cultures, and potential alliances, weakening the possibility of organized rebellions. Additionally, they also relocated Assyrian populations into newly conquered areas to establish a presence and maintain control.
5. Dividing and Ruling: Instead of assimilating conquered peoples into Assyrian culture, the empire allowed certain regions to maintain their own local rulers and customs. By appointing vassal kings, or granting autonomy to some territories, the Assyrians effectively managed their vast and diverse empire by leveraging the loyalty of local rulers and preventing united rebellions.
6. Cultural and Religious Assimilation: The Assyrians encouraged cultural and religious assimilation of conquered peoples, adopting their gods and practices into their own pantheon. They allowed conquered peoples to retain some of their cultural identity, lessening the risk of opposition based on religious or cultural differences.
7. Terror and Fear Tactics: The Assyrians were known for their brutal military campaigns and ruthless treatment of rebellious regions. They destroyed cities, deported populations, and flayed or impaled captured enemies, which created a reputation for mercilessness. This fear instilled a sense of submissiveness among their subjects, discouraging rebellion.
8. Propaganda and Monumental Architecture: The Assyrians used propaganda and monumental architecture, such as palaces and statues, to project their power and grandeur. These structures and inscriptions glorified Assyrian kings, their military victories, and their divine right to rule. This helped solidify loyalty among the empire's populace and generate a sense of awe and respect.
However, it is important to note that despite these measures, the Assyrian Empire still faced numerous revolts and eventual decline due to internal challenges, external invasions, and the exhaustion of resources.