What are the three subatomic particles, and where are they located in an atom?
Which subatomic particles are used to calculate the atomic mass?
Which subatomic particle is the identity of an atom?
Why do atoms bond?
Where on the periodic table does it tell you the number of valence electrons an element has?
Where on the periodic table do you find elements that are reactive because they have high electronegativity?
Why are the Noble gasses unreactive?
Ionic bonds are most likely to occur when the number of valence electrons is close to what numbers?
Which type of atoms typically form a covalent bond?
What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state?
What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules?
How does temperature impact solubility of liquids?
How does temperature impact solubility of gasses?
Describe unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions.
What is the pH range of acids? Bases?
What are common examples of acids? Bases?
Describe a physical change.
What is an example of a physical change?
Describe a chemical change.
What is an example of a chemical change?
Which part of a chemical equation can be changed to balance the equation?
Which part of a chemical equation can NOT be changed in order to balance?
Which part of atoms are involved in chemical reactions?
The three subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons are located in energy levels or orbitals around the nucleus.
The subatomic particles used to calculate the atomic mass are protons and neutrons. Electrons have a negligible mass and are not considered for calculating atomic mass.
The identity of an atom is determined by the number of protons, which is also known as the atomic number.
Atoms bond to achieve a more stable electron configuration. They can either share, gain, or lose electrons to fill their outermost energy level and become more stable.
The number of valence electrons an element has is determined by its group number on the periodic table. Valence electrons are located in the outermost energy level.
Elements that are reactive because they have high electronegativity are found on the upper right side of the periodic table, particularly in groups 17 (halogens) and 18 (noble gases).
Noble gases are unreactive because they have a full outer electron shell. This stable electron configuration makes them unlikely to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms.
Ionic bonds are most likely to occur when the number of valence electrons is close to 8 or 2.
Nonmetal atoms typically form covalent bonds, although some metal atoms can also participate in covalent bonding.
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, but it can be transferred or converted from one form to another.
Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of charge and have a positive and negative end. Nonpolar molecules have an even distribution of charge and do not have a positive or negative end.
Temperature generally increases the solubility of liquids. As temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the solvent molecules increases, allowing them to break apart and dissolve more solute particles.
Increasing temperature usually decreases the solubility of gases. As temperature rises, gas molecules have more kinetic energy and are more likely to escape from the solution rather than remain dissolved.
An unsaturated solution is one in which more solute can be dissolved. A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can be dissolved. A supersaturated solution is one that contains more solute than it can normally hold at that temperature.
The pH range of acids is 0-6, while the pH range of bases is 8-14.
Common examples of acids include vinegar (acetic acid), lemon juice (citric acid), and stomach acid (hydrochloric acid). Common examples of bases include baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), soaps, and bleach.
A physical change is a change in the physical properties of a substance, such as its shape, size, or state, without changing its chemical composition.
An example of a physical change is melting ice to form water.
A chemical change is a change in the chemical composition of a substance and involves the formation of new substances with different properties.
An example of a chemical change is the reaction between vinegar and baking soda to produce carbon dioxide gas, water, and a salt.
To balance a chemical equation, the coefficients (numbers preceding the chemical formulas) can be changed. The ratio of atoms on each side of the equation must be equal.
The subscripts (numbers written as part of a chemical formula) cannot be changed to balance an equation.
Atoms are involved in chemical reactions, specifically the electrons in the outermost energy levels (valence electrons). It is the interaction between these electrons that leads to the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.