Translation transcription replication
Eukaryotic prokaryotic Write deeply
Translation:
Translation is the process by which genetic information from DNA is converted into mRNA. This process occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, translation takes place in the cytoplasm and is carried out by ribosomes. The mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids, which then fold and form a functional protein.
In prokaryotic cells, translation also occurs in the cytoplasm. However, unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. Therefore, the DNA itself is located in the cytoplasm and is directly accessible to ribosomes for transcription.
Transcription:
Transcription is the process by which genetic information from DNA is converted into mRNA. This process mainly occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, while in prokaryotic cells, it takes place in the cytoplasm.
In eukaryotes, transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase enzymes, which bind to specific promoter regions on the DNA molecule. The DNA double helix unwinds, and the RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand, following the base pairing rules (A-U and G-C). This newly synthesized mRNA exits the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm for translation.
In prokaryotes, the process of transcription is similar, but there are some differences. Prokaryotic DNA is circular and lacks a nuclear envelope, so the transcription occurs directly in the cytoplasm. The RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on the DNA and synthesizes complementary mRNA. The newly synthesized mRNA is then available for translation by ribosomes.
Replication:
Replication is the process by which DNA molecules are duplicated. This process occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and is essential for cell division and passing on genetic information to offspring.
In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. The DNA double helix unwinds, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand. DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing strands, following the base pairing rules (A-T and G-C). This results in two identical DNA molecules, each containing one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
In prokaryotes, replication also occurs in the cytoplasm, as there is no nuclear envelope. The process is similar to eukaryotic replication, with the DNA double helix unwinding, and DNA polymerase synthesizing new complementary strands. The end result is two identical DNA molecules, each consisting of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
These processes of translation, transcription, and replication are vital for the functioning and perpetuation of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.