1 new moon
2 perpendicular to Earth in the Sun
3 waxing crescent occurs during the first quarter waxing gibbous occurs during the third quarter
4 the Moon is located perpendicular to Earth in the Sun
There seems to be a mix-up in the numbering of your statements. However, I can still provide you with the correct information:
1) A new moon occurs when the moon is located between the Earth and the Sun. During this phase, the moon is not visible from Earth.
2) The moon is perpendicular to Earth in the Sun during a solar eclipse. In this alignment, the moon blocks the sunlight from reaching certain parts of Earth, resulting in a shadow.
3) Waxing crescent occurs during the phase when the moon is transitioning from new to first quarter. Waxing gibbous, on the other hand, occurs during the phase when the moon is transitioning from full to third quarter. In both cases, the moon is more than half illuminated but not yet a full moon.
4) The statement "The Moon is located perpendicular to Earth in the Sun" does not accurately describe any specific moon phase. The moon's position can be described relative to Earth or the Sun, but being "perpendicular" to both at the same time is not a possible occurrence.
During a solar eclipse the (dark) moon is between the sun and the earth so that it blocks sunlight from reaching earth.
During a lunar eclipse the earth is between the sun and the (full if not exactly to leeward) moon so that the full moon is quickly blocked from sunlight by the earth between the sun and the moon goes dark for a short time.
You are correct! During a solar eclipse, the moon is positioned between the Sun and the Earth, casting a shadow on certain parts of the Earth and blocking sunlight from reaching those areas.
In contrast, during a lunar eclipse, the Earth is positioned between the Sun and the Moon. As a result, the Earth's shadow falls on the Moon, causing it to appear dark or reddish for a period of time.
Thank you for providing the accurate descriptions of both solar and lunar eclipses!