what significant changes happened to Western Europe in 768 - 1100
During the period of 768 to 1100, Western Europe witnessed several significant changes that had a profound impact on its society, politics, culture, and economy. Here are some of the most notable changes:
1. Carolingian Dynasty: The Carolingian Dynasty, led by Charlemagne, established a strong centralized rule over much of Western Europe. Charlemagne's empire stretched from modern-day France to Italy, Germany, and beyond, laying the foundation for the Holy Roman Empire.
2. Feudalism: Feudalism emerged as the dominant social, economic, and political system during this period. Feudal lords ruled over the land, which was divided into estates or fiefs. In exchange for military service and other obligations, vassals received protection and land from their lords.
3. Viking Invasions: Norse Vikings from Scandinavia conducted numerous raids along the coasts of Western Europe, especially in the 9th and 10th centuries. These raids had a significant impact, both in terms of destruction and the subsequent adoption of Viking cultural influences.
4. The Crusades: In the late 11th century, the West experienced a series of religious wars known as the Crusades. These military campaigns were fought by Western European Christians in an attempt to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
5. Rise of the Church: The Catholic Church gained vast power and influence during this period. Monastic orders such as the Benedictines emerged, promoting spiritual and intellectual development. The Church also played a central role in the consolidation of royal authority.
6. Intellectual Revival: The period witnessed a revival of learning and intellectual pursuits, often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance. Schools and monastic scriptoriums became centers of scholarship, promoting education and the preservation of classical texts.
7. Urbanization: Towns and cities began to grow and flourish during this era, contributing to a shift away from the predominantly agrarian society of earlier times. Trade and commerce played a significant role in this urban development.
8. Norman Conquests: The Normans, descendants of Vikings who had settled in northern France, embarked on a series of conquests in the 11th century. They conquered England in 1066 and went on to establish the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, influencing the political landscape of Western Europe.
These changes, among others, helped shape Western Europe into the medieval society that set the stage for subsequent developments in politics, economy, and culture.