What technological advancements were created by each civilization? Egypt and Indus Valley
Egyptian civilization is known for a number of technological advancements. One of the most significant inventions is the construction of the pyramids, which required mastery in techniques such as quarrying, cutting, and transporting massive blocks of stones. Egyptians also developed advanced techniques in irrigation, using the Nile River to create a network of canals and channels for agriculture. They invented and built the shaduf, a mechanical device used for lifting water from the river into irrigation ditches.
Egyptians were also pioneers in the field of medicine. They developed advanced knowledge of anatomy, performed surgeries, and invented various medical instruments. They made advancements in the field of mummification, leading to the preservation of bodies for thousands of years.
In terms of writing, Egypt developed one of the earliest writing systems known as hieroglyphics. They used papyrus scrolls as a writing medium, which was lighter and more portable than the clay tablets used in other civilizations.
The Indus Valley Civilization, which existed in the region of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, is less well-understood due to the lack of deciphered writing systems. Nonetheless, archaeologists have discovered several technological advancements in this civilization.
One remarkable development of the Indus Valley Civilization is their highly advanced urban planning. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, two of their major cities, were meticulously planned with grid-like patterns, brick-lined roads, and a sophisticated sewage system. The sewage system consisted of covered drains, manholes, and a wastewater disposal system, which was ahead of its time.
The Indus Valley people also developed indoor plumbing systems with bathrooms connected to well-built drainage systems. They had advanced techniques in brick manufacturing and construction, as evident from the large, well-maintained buildings in their cities.
Another technological advancement of the Indus Valley Civilization is their expertise in metallurgy. They crafted objects using copper, bronze, gold, and silver. The use of bronze tools and weapons suggests that they had knowledge of metallurgical techniques, such as alloying. Additionally, evidence of jewelry-making and bead manufacturing indicates their skills in metalworking.
Overall, both ancient Egyptian and Indus Valley civilizations made significant technological advancements in various fields, contributing to the progress of human civilization.