In the Greek and Roman city states what groups of people were not able to vote or own land?
In both Greek and Roman city-states, there were certain groups of people who were not able to vote or own land. These excluded groups included:
1. Slaves: Slavery was an integral part of ancient Greek and Roman societies, and slaves were considered property rather than citizens. They were owned by individuals or the state and had no political or property rights.
2. Women: In both Greek and Roman societies, women were generally excluded from political participation. They were not allowed to vote, hold public office, or own land. Their primary role was within the household, and their legal and social status was largely dependent on their male relatives.
3. Foreigners: Non-citizens, or foreigners, also did not possess the rights of voting or land ownership. These individuals, even if they lived and worked in the city-state, were considered outsiders and were often subjected to certain limitations and restrictions.
4. Resident aliens: In addition to foreigners, resident aliens (or "metics" in Greek) were individuals who lived in a city-state but were not citizens. While they had some legal protections and could engage in commerce or various professions, they were still not allowed to vote or own land.
It is worth noting that the specifics of citizenship, voting rights, and landownership varied across different Greek city-states, such as Athens and Sparta, and Roman city-state-like entities, such as the Roman Republic. These societies had complex systems that differentiated between various classes and social statuses, resulting in different degrees of exclusion for certain groups.