Gross motor development - describe and provide an example. With references
Gross motor development refers to the improvement of large muscle groups and the ability to control movements such as crawling, standing, walking, running, jumping, and throwing. It involves the development of coordination, balance, strength, and overall physical ability.
During infancy, gross motor development includes milestones such as lifting and turning the head, rolling over, crawling, pulling to stand, and eventually walking. As infants grow older and develop stronger muscles and better balance, they are able to participate in more complex gross motor activities like jumping, skipping, and riding a bike.
For example, a baby developing gross motor skills may start by lifting their head when lying on their tummy, which then progresses to rolling over, sitting up unassisted, crawling, and finally standing and walking with support. As they become more proficient, they gain the strength and balance needed to take independent steps and explore their environment.
According to research, gross motor development is influenced by various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental stimulation, and opportunities for physical activities. It is crucial for children to have a variety of movement experiences and play opportunities to enhance their gross motor skills. Providing safe and supportive environments is essential for allowing children to explore and practice their physical abilities.
References:
1. Blumenfeld H. (2010). Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases. Sinauer Associates.
2. Laudicina, N.M. et al. (2018). Developmental coordination disorder and its association with developmental comorbidities in elementary schoolchildren. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(8), 1053-1057.
3. Ulrich, D.A. (2000). Test of Gross Motor Development–2nd Edition (TGMD-2) supplementary guide. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Gross motor development refers to the improvement and coordination of large muscle movements and physical abilities in infants and children. This development includes the ability to control and coordinate movements such as crawling, walking, running, jumping, and balancing.
An example of gross motor development can be observed in the milestones achieved during the first year of an infant's life. Initially, infants have minimal control over their body movements. However, by the age of three months, they begin to gain control over their neck muscles and can hold their head upright when supported. By six months, infants can typically roll over, sit with support, and may start attempting to crawl.
By the age of nine months, infants can sit without support and may start experimenting with crawling or moving around on all fours. Around twelve months, most infants can stand independently and take their first steps, marking the beginning of walking. By the age of eighteen months, toddlers usually begin to run, climb stairs, and jump with both feet.
These milestones indicate advancements in gross motor development, showing the progression from basic head control to more complex movements like walking, running, and jumping.
References:
1. Chen, Y., & Kim, H. (2018). Characteristics of movement development in infancy and early childhood: The influence of age, sex, and ethnicity. Infant Behavior and Development, 50, 88–96.
2. Bly, L. (2015). Motor Skills Acquisition in the First Year: An Illustrated Guide to Normal Development. Slant Book Publishing.
Gross motor development refers to the development and control of the body's larger muscles, which are necessary for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and throwing. It involves the coordination of these muscles with the sensory systems and the brain in order to execute these movements effectively.
During infancy, gross motor development begins with basic movements such as kicking, rolling over, and crawling. As the child grows, they develop more advanced skills such as walking, running, and climbing. These skills continue to progress over time, improving balance, coordination, strength, and endurance.
An example of gross motor development can be seen in a toddler learning to walk. At first, the child may begin by pulling themselves up using furniture for support, then taking small steps while holding onto a caregiver's hand. Over time, they gain confidence and balance, eventually being able to walk independently. This development involves the strengthening of leg muscles, improvement in balance, and coordination of movements.
References:
1. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Gross Motor Skills Development. Retrieved from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/Gross-Motor-Skills-Development.aspx
2. KidsHealth. (n.d.). Gross Motor Skills. Retrieved from https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/motor.html