what is adeno-hypophysial hormones, neuro-hypophysial hormones and adrenal medulla
Adeno-hypophysial hormones are hormones that are produced and secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. These hormones include growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin. These hormones regulate various functions within the body, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and lactation.
Neuro-hypophysial hormones, on the other hand, are hormones that are produced and secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The two main neuro-hypophysial hormones are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and stimulates milk ejection during breastfeeding, while ADH regulates water balance and controls the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys.
The adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland, which is located on top of the kidneys. The adrenal medulla produces and releases hormones called catecholamines, mainly adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones play a significant role in the body's response to stress, as they increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability, preparing the body for a fight-or-flight response.
Adeno-hypophysial hormones, also known as anterior pituitary hormones, are hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. These hormones regulate various physiological processes in the body. The adeno-hypophysial hormones include:
1. Growth hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and development of bones, muscles, and other tissues.
2. Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Controls the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, which is involved in stress response and metabolism.
4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism.
5. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Regulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males.
6. Luteinizing hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males.
Neuro-hypophysial hormones are hormones produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. These hormones are released in response to nerve signals from the hypothalamus. The neuro-hypophysial hormones are:
1. Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and triggers milk ejection during breastfeeding. It is also involved in social bonding and may play a role in emotions.
2. Vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH): Regulates water balance by decreasing water loss in the urine and constricting blood vessels to control blood pressure.
The adrenal medulla is the inner region of the adrenal gland, located on top of the kidneys. It is responsible for producing and releasing two hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These hormones are part of the body's response to stress or danger, preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response. They increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, while also dilating airways and redirecting blood flow to muscles.
Adeno-hypophysial hormones, also known as anterior pituitary hormones, are hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it plays a crucial role in regulating various other endocrine glands in the body. The adeno-hypophysial hormones include:
1. Growth hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and development in children and maintains metabolism and muscle mass in adults.
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Regulates the production and release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the production and release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): In females, it is involved in the development of eggs in the ovaries, and in males, it stimulates sperm production in the testes.
5. Luteinizing hormone (LH): In females, it triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone. In males, it stimulates the production of testosterone.
6. Prolactin: Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth.
7. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): Regulates skin pigmentation.
Neuro-hypophysial hormones, also known as posterior pituitary hormones, are produced in the hypothalamus and then stored and released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The neuro-hypophysial hormones are:
1. Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, regulates milk ejection during breastfeeding, and promotes social bonding, trust, and empathy.
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin: Regulates water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.
The adrenal medulla is the innermost region of the adrenal glands, situated on top of the kidneys. It is responsible for producing the neurotransmitters called catecholamines, primarily adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones are released in response to stress or when the body encounters a fight-or-flight situation. Adrenaline and noradrenaline increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability, preparing the body for quick action.