Which of the following are all intermolecular forces?
Question 28 options:
a) Dipole-dipole, dipole-ion, metallic
b) Covalent, metallic, and London dispersion forces
c) Dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, and covalent
d) Dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion forces
e) Metallic, dipole-dipole and ionic
d) Dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion forces
To determine the correct answer, we need to understand what intermolecular forces are and identify the forces listed in each option.
Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction that exist between molecules. These forces determine the physical properties of substances such as boiling point, melting point, and solubility.
Now, let's analyze each option and identify the forces mentioned:
Option a) Dipole-dipole, dipole-ion, metallic
In this option, we have dipole-dipole forces, which occur between polar molecules, and dipole-ion forces, which occur between polar molecules and ions. However, metallic forces involve the attraction between metal atoms, not molecules. So option a) is incorrect.
Option b) Covalent, metallic, and London dispersion forces
In this option, covalent forces are intramolecular forces that hold atoms together within a molecule, rather than intermolecular forces between separate molecules. Metallic forces are also not intermolecular forces. However, London dispersion forces, also known as Van der Waals forces, are intermolecular forces that arise from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution. Therefore, option b) is incorrect.
Option c) Dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, and covalent
In this option, dispersion forces are correctly mentioned as intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bonding is another intermolecular force that occurs when hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine). However, covalent forces are intramolecular forces. So option c) is incorrect.
Option d) Dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion forces
In this option, dipole-dipole forces and dispersion forces are both intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bonding is also an intermolecular force. As a result, option d) includes all intermolecular forces and is the correct answer.
Option e) Metallic, dipole-dipole, and ionic
This option includes metallic forces, which are not intermolecular forces but rather the forces that hold together metal atoms in a solid. Dipole-dipole forces are intermolecular forces, but ionic forces are not. Ionic forces involve the attraction between positive and negative ions, which come from the transfer of electrons between atoms. Thus, option e) is incorrect.
In conclusion, the correct answer is option d) Dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion forces, as they are all intermolecular forces.