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The formal power of Congress is limited by several factors:

1. The Constitution: The Constitution defines the powers and limitations of Congress. It outlines specific enumerated powers, such as the power to tax, regulate commerce, declare war, and make laws. Congress cannot exceed these powers as stated in the Constitution.

2. Separation of Powers: The Constitution established a system of separation of powers, dividing the government into three branches - legislative, executive, and judicial. Each branch has its own set of powers, and they act as a system of checks and balances on one another. This means that Congress's power is limited by the other branches, and they can check and balance each other's actions.

3. Judicial Review: The power of the judiciary to interpret the Constitution and declare laws or actions unconstitutional also limits Congress's power. If a law passed by Congress is found to violate the Constitution, it can be overturned by the courts.

4. Public Opinion: Congress's power is influenced by public opinion as politicians are accountable to their constituents. Elected representatives must consider the views and preferences of their constituents when making decisions or passing laws. Public opinion can shape and limit the extent of Congress's power.

5. Political Parties and Interest Groups: Congress's power can be limited or influenced by political parties and interest groups. These groups can lobby Congress and shape the legislative agenda. Political parties can impose limitations on their members' actions through party discipline, affecting the extent of Congress's power.

6. Executive Branch: The President, as the head of the executive branch, has various powers, such as vetoing legislation, issuing executive orders, and implementing policies. The President's actions can limit or influence Congress's power. Additionally, Congress's power is limited by its dependence on cooperation and coordination with the executive branch to implement laws and policies.

Overall, the formal power of Congress is limited by the Constitution, separation of powers, judicial review, public opinion, political parties, interest groups, and the executive branch.

The formal power of Congress is limited by several factors. The primary limitations come from the Constitution, the political system, and other branches of government. Here is a step-by-step breakdown of the limitations on the formal power of Congress:

1. Constitution: The U.S. Constitution outlines the powers of Congress in Article I. However, it also places certain limitations on those powers. For example:
- Congress cannot pass laws that violate the rights and protections guaranteed by the Constitution, such as the Bill of Rights.
- Some powers are specifically granted to the President or the judiciary, which limits the scope of Congress's authority.

2. Separation of Powers: The system of checks and balances in the United States limits the power of any single branch of government. The President, for example, has the power to veto legislation passed by Congress, which can restrain Congressional actions.

3. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, meaning it can review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. If the Court finds a law unconstitutional, it can limit or nullify the legislation, thereby restricting Congress's authority.

4. Public Opinion and Political Constraints: Congress is accountable to the public through regular elections. Public opinion can influence the legislative process and limit Congress's ability to pass certain laws. Additionally, political constraints, such as party dynamics and the need to build coalitions, often influence what legislation can be passed.

5. State and Local Governments: The powers of Congress are also limited by state and local governments. While Congress has authority over federal issues, state and local governments have their own jurisdictions and can impose limitations within those boundaries.

It's important to note that while these factors limit the formal power of Congress, Congress still holds significant power to pass laws, regulate commerce, levy taxes, declare war, and perform other constitutional functions.

The formal power of Congress in the United States is limited by several entities. Firstly, Congress is bound by the limitations set forth in the United States Constitution. The Constitution outlines the powers and functions of Congress, as well as the separation of powers between the different branches of government.

Another significant limitation on Congress's power is the judiciary, specifically the Supreme Court. The Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution and can declare congressional acts unconstitutional if they exceed the powers granted to Congress or violate other constitutional provisions.

Additionally, the executive branch, which includes the President of the United States and the federal bureaucracy, can place practical limitations on Congress. The President can veto legislation passed by Congress, effectively barring its enactment unless Congress can muster a two-thirds majority vote to override the veto. The executive branch also has the power to implement and enforce laws passed by Congress, which can shape the scope and effectiveness of congressional actions.

Lastly, public opinion and political dynamics also play a role in limiting Congress's power. Elected representatives are accountable to their constituents, and public opinion can influence the decisions and actions of lawmakers. Political parties, interest groups, and lobbyists also exert influence on Congress, affecting the legislative agenda and shaping policy outcomes.

To understand the formal limitations on Congress's power and the specific constraints, one can study the United States Constitution, learn about landmark Supreme Court cases that have shaped the interpretation of congressional powers, analyze presidential powers and the process of veto and override, and examine the influence of public opinion and political dynamics on the legislative process.