what did the following people contribute to forensics? mathieu orfila alphonse betillion francis galton calvin goddard albert s osborn edmond locard
Mathieu Orfila: Known as the "father of modern toxicology," Mathieu Orfila contributed to forensic science by establishing the field of toxicology and developing methods to detect and analyze poisons in biological tissues. He published the first systematic treatise on the subject in 1814, which became a foundation for forensic toxicology.
Alphonse Bertillon: Alphonse Bertillon is credited with developing anthropometry, a system of identification based on taking detailed measurements of various body parts. This method was used to create a system of individual identification and was widely adopted by police departments around the world. Bertillon's system was eventually replaced by fingerprinting as a more reliable method, but his work laid the foundation for modern biometric identification.
Francis Galton: Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, made significant contributions to the field of forensic science by pioneering the use of fingerprints for identification purposes. He developed a classification system for fingerprints and demonstrated their uniqueness and permanence, leading to their widespread recognition as a reliable method of identification.
Calvin Goddard: Calvin Goddard was a forensic ballistics expert who revolutionized the field of firearm identification. He developed the technique of using comparison microscopes to examine bullets and cartridge cases, establishing their individual characteristics to link them to specific weapons. Goddard's work significantly improved the accuracy of firearms identification in criminal investigations.
Albert S. Osborn: Albert S. Osborn, an American lawyer and document examiner, made significant contributions to forensic science through his work in handwriting analysis. He developed systematic methods for examining and comparing handwriting and questioned documents, including the use of microscopic analysis, ink analysis, and typewriting identification. Osborn's techniques became widely adopted in the field and helped establish handwriting analysis as an important forensic tool.
Edmond Locard: Known as the "Sherlock Holmes of France," Edmond Locard was a pioneer in forensic science and is best known for his contributions to the principle of exchange. Locard formulated the Locard Exchange Principle, which states that "every contact leaves a trace." This principle became fundamental in forensic science, emphasizing the importance of trace evidence in criminal investigations. Locard also established the first forensic laboratory in Lyon, France, and is considered one of the founding fathers of modern forensic science.
put that in a sentence for each one not plagiarism now
Mathieu Orfila pioneered the field of toxicology and developed methods for detecting and analyzing poisons in biological tissues, earning him the title "father of modern toxicology."
Alphonse Bertillon developed anthropometry, a system of identification based on precise body measurements, which became widely used by police departments worldwide for individual identification.
Francis Galton's work on fingerprints led to their recognition as a reliable method of identification, as he developed a classification system and demonstrated their uniqueness and permanence.
Calvin Goddard revolutionized forensic ballistics by developing the technique of using comparison microscopes to examine bullets and cartridge cases, significantly enhancing the accuracy of firearms identification.
Albert S. Osborn made significant contributions to forensic science by developing systematic methods for analyzing and comparing handwriting and questioned documents, solidifying the importance of handwriting analysis as a forensic tool.
Edmond Locard formulated the Locard Exchange Principle, which states that every contact leaves a trace and became fundamental in forensic science. He also established the first forensic laboratory in Lyon, France, and is considered a founding father of modern forensic science.
why did the following people contribute to forensics compare them to this in smaller sentences
Mathieu Orfila contributed to forensics by establishing the field of toxicology and developing methods for analyzing poisons in biological tissues.
Alphonse Bertillon contributed to forensics by developing the system of anthropometry for individual identification.
Francis Galton contributed to forensics by pioneering the use of fingerprints as a reliable method of identification.
Calvin Goddard contributed to forensics by revolutionizing the field of firearm identification through the use of comparison microscopes.
Albert S. Osborn contributed to forensics by developing systematic methods for handwriting analysis and questioned document examination.
Edmond Locard contributed to forensics through his formulation of the Locard Exchange Principle and establishment of the first forensic laboratory, emphasizing the importance of trace evidence in criminal investigations.
compare and contrast the daubert ruling and frye strandard not plagiarism
The Daubert ruling and Frye standard are both legal standards used to determine the admissibility of scientific evidence in court, but they have significant differences.
1. Scope of Applicability:
- Daubert Ruling: The Daubert ruling is a standard applied in federal courts in the United States, as established by the Supreme Court case Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in 1993.
- Frye Standard: The Frye standard is an older standard that originated from the 1923 case Frye v. United States and has been adopted by some state courts. However, it is generally not applied in federal courts.
2. Criterion for Admissibility:
- Daubert Ruling: The Daubert ruling employs a two-pronged approach for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence. It focuses on the reliability and relevance of the scientific methodology used and takes into account factors such as peer review, error rate, and general acceptance in the scientific community.
- Frye Standard: The Frye standard follows the principle of "general acceptance" and relies on whether a scientific technique or theory has gained widespread acceptance in the relevant scientific community.
3. Expert Testimony Evaluation:
- Daubert Ruling: Under the Daubert ruling, the judge serves as the "gatekeeper" and is responsible for assessing the reliability and relevance of expert testimony before it can be presented to the jury. The judge evaluates the scientific methods, underlying principles, and reasoning behind the expert opinion.
- Frye Standard: In the Frye standard, the judge acts more as a referee and defers to the scientific community's consensus on the admissibility of evidence. The judge's role is limited to determining whether the scientific technique has achieved acceptance in the relevant community.
4. Focus on Methodology:
- Daubert Ruling: The Daubert ruling places a strong emphasis on the scientific methodology employed by experts. It requires the expert to demonstrate that their methods are based on sound scientific principles and have been tested and validated, allowing the evidence to be introduced even if it is a novel or innovative technique.
- Frye Standard: The Frye standard is less concerned with the methodology itself and instead considers whether it has gained general acceptance in the scientific community. It does not require extensive validation or testing beyond what is deemed accepted practice.
In summary, the Daubert ruling and Frye standard differ in their scope, criteria for admissibility, evaluation of expert testimony, and focus on methodology. The Daubert ruling is more flexible, allowing for the introduction of novel techniques based on reliability and relevance, while the Frye standard relies on the general acceptance of techniques within the scientific community.