Everyone wants to save the bees. But as populations decline every year, we may be saving them to death.
Human efforts to breed more of these insects in artificial beehives and plant more flowers may seem the obvious way to stave off heavy losses.
New research shows the answer is not that clear cut, because viruses may be spilling over from commercial honeybee colonies into wild bee populations, according to a study from the University of Vermont published Wednesday in PLOS One.
Like honeybees, which are invaluable for agriculture, wild bumblebees also play a significant role in crop pollination. Though people are more familiar with honeybee die-offs — such as with colony collapse disorder — wild bumblebees have been struggling too. A handful of bumblebee species have declined by up to 96 percent in the U.S., according to the National Agricultural Library’s website.
The causes have been largely understudied, although pesticides, infectious disease and shrinking habitat due to climate change have been suspected, said Samantha Alger, an ecologist from the University of Vermont who led the new research.
Filling in one piece of the puzzle, the study revealed wild bumblebees pick up more viruses the closer they forage to managed honeybee colonies. But if bumblebees don’t venture into the commercial hives, how are they picking up viruses?
Flowers have been suspected as reservoirs for bee viruses, but no researcher had linked virus deposits on flowers to bumblebee infections in the wild until this study. And the results could have implications for how we lend our inter-species help.
Use the article excerpt above to answer the question.
What evidence from the text best supports the analysis that human actions are related to bumblebee decline?
(1 point)
Responses
the study that shows viruses may be spilling over from commercial hives to wild bees
the study that shows viruses may be spilling over from commercial hives to wild bees
the question about how wild bees pick up viruses if they do not enter managed honeybee colonies
the question about how wild bees pick up viruses if they do not enter managed honeybee colonies
the fact that people have tried to breed more bees
the fact that people have tried to breed more bees
the claim that people may be saving the bees to death
the claim that people may be saving the bees to death
The team plucked wild bumblebees from 19 sites around northern Vermont. Some sites were close to a commercial apiary — within 0.2 miles or a short city block — while others were farther away — at least 0.6 miles. If honeybees were present, the researchers collected them too.
The team then measured the number of viruses stuck to each bee. Just because an animal has a virus on its outside doesn’t mean it has an infection. You may have touched your friend’s influenza-soaked tissue, but washed your hands before the flu infected you. So the researchers also tested each bee for virus genetic material, which is only made once the virus infects a host.
The team looked at two viruses — deformed wing virus and black queen cell virus — both of which infect honeybees and bumblebees. These infections can potentially cause significant colony damage in honeybees, but researchers don’t know yet what they do to bumblebee colonies.
To figure out how honeybee viruses are jumping to bumblebees, the researchers collected flower samples. Back in the lab, they tested ground-up flowers for viruses and mapped how close the contaminated flowers were to apiaries. They suspected that bees shed virus pieces on flowers during foraging.
Use the article excerpt to answer the question.
The article claimed that actions humans take to help honeybees may harm wild bumblebees.
What best describes the type of evidence used in this section to support that claim?
(1 point)
Responses
The author described the type of study scientists used to assess the problem.
The author described the type of study scientists used to assess the problem.
The author made specific claims based on a scientific study.
The author made specific claims based on a scientific study.
The author gave a detailed description of how viruses live and spread.
The author gave a detailed description of how viruses live and spread.
The author provided detailed findings from a scientific study.
The author provided detailed findings from a scientific study.
The article provided detailed findings from a scientific study.
Everyone wants to save the bees. But as populations decline every year, we may be saving them to death.
Human efforts to breed more of these insects in artificial beehives and plant more flowers may seem the obvious way to stave off heavy losses.
New research shows the answer is not that clear cut, because viruses may be spilling over from commercial honeybee colonies into wild bee populations, according to a study from the University of Vermont published Wednesday in PLOS One.
Like honeybees, which are invaluable for agriculture, wild bumblebees also play a significant role in crop pollination. Though people are more familiar with honeybee die-offs — such as with colony collapse disorder — wild bumblebees have been struggling too. A handful of bumblebee species have declined by up to 96 percent in the U.S., according to the National Agricultural Library’s website.
The causes have been largely understudied, although pesticides, infectious disease and shrinking habitat due to climate change have been suspected, said Samantha Alger, an ecologist from the University of Vermont who led the new research.
Filling in one piece of the puzzle, the study revealed wild bumblebees pick up more viruses the closer they forage to managed honeybee colonies. But if bumblebees don’t venture into the commercial hives, how are they picking up viruses?
Flowers have been suspected as reservoirs for bee viruses, but no researcher had linked virus deposits on flowers to bumblebee infections in the wild until this study. And the results could have implications for how we lend our inter-species help.
Use the article excerpt to answer the question.
What evidence from the text best supports the inference that people have been more concerned with the health of honeybees than wild bumblebees in recent years? Select the two correct answers.
(1 point)
Responses
Some species of bumblebees have declined up to 96 percent locally.
Some species of bumblebees have declined up to 96 percent locally.
People are more familiar with honeybee die-offs.
People are more familiar with honeybee die-offs.
Bumblebee die-offs may be increasing because of efforts to save honeybees.
Bumblebee die-offs may be increasing because of efforts to save honeybees.
The causes of bumblebee die-offs have been largely understudied.
The causes of bumblebee die-offs have been largely understudied.
New research shows that honeybee diseases may be spilling over to wild bumblebees.
The evidence from the text that best supports the inference that people have been more concerned with the health of honeybees than wild bumblebees in recent years are:
1. People are more familiar with honeybee die-offs.
2. New research shows that honeybee diseases may be spilling over to wild bumblebees.
All of the honeybee colonies tested by the researchers were positive for both viruses, an unfortunate but common occurrence for commercial colonies.
But the number of wild bumblebees carrying viruses varied depending on the proximity to the domesticated hives. There was also variation between the two viruses.
More than 90 percent of bumblebees collected close to apiaries carried black queen cell virus. In sites farther from apiaries, and where no honeybees were foraging, just under 40 percent were positive for this virus. When the researchers checked for actual infections, they found that the proximity to an apiary wasn’t telling of whether a bumblebee was infected with black queen cell virus. That means sites near and far from a commercial beehive had the same abundance of black queen cell virus infections.
The connection was clearer for deformed wing virus infections. Twenty percent of bumblebees foraging close to apiaries carried the virus on their outsides and 10 percent had active infections. But in sites more than a half mile away from an apiary, where honeybees were absent, not a single bumblebee tested positive for deformed wing virus — as a carrier or with an infection..
When the researchers looked at infected flowers, they noticed a similar trend. Of the 20 percent of flowers that tested positive for viruses, all were picked close to apiaries. And the denser the flower patch in these areas, the higher the rate of deformed wing virus infection in bumblebees.
Use the article excerpt to answer the question.
What evidence from the text best supports the inference that honeybees—not bumblebees—are responsible for infecting the studied flowers? Select the two correct answers.
(1 point)
Responses
More bumblebees foraging close to apiaries had viruses on their outsides than had active infections.
More bumblebees foraging close to apiaries had viruses on their outsides than had active infections.
All of the honeybees researchers collected were infected with both viruses.
All of the honeybees researchers collected were infected with both viruses.
More than 90 percent of bumblebees collected close to apiaries were infected with black queen cell virus.
More than 90 percent of bumblebees collected close to apiaries were infected with black queen cell virus.
All of the bumblebees infected with deformed wing virus were close to apiaries.
All of the bumblebees infected with deformed wing virus were close to apiaries.
All the infected flowers researchers picked and tested were close to apiaries.
The evidence from the text that best supports the inference that honeybees—not bumblebees—are responsible for infecting the studied flowers are:
1. All of the infected flowers researchers picked and tested were close to apiaries.
2. More than 90 percent of bumblebees collected close to apiaries were infected with black queen cell virus.
If human-managed bees and bee-friendly flowers are acting as hotspots for pathogens, keeping more bees and planting more flowers may be contributing to the steep losses in commercial pollinators seen in the U.S. each year, as well as fueling the decline of wild bees. The more that bees are transported and concentrated for larger-scale pollination events, the more opportunities for diseases to spread.
And it’s not just a one-way street.
“It’s likely the transmission is going both ways,” said Scott McArt, a pollinator ecologist at Cornell University who was not involved in the study. Even if diseases in commercial bees are eliminated, new infections from the wild bee population, which are known to harbor pathogens, could spill back into managed populations, making disease eradication even tougher than it is now.
From the urban gardener to the rural farmer, people are encouraged to grow “bee-friendly” plants.
“But in some cases you might actually be increasing disease levels when you plant those flowers,” said Sheila Colla, a conservation biologist at York University who was not involved in the study. “Maybe we need to have a [buffer] area without flowers to stop diseases from spreading to wild bees.”
Nobody is suggesting we stop planting flowers altogether. “We know that habitat loss is already a big problem for bees,” said Alger. Instead, she’s now investigating if increasing plant diversity, or culling certain plants could help decrease disease transmission.
She added that beekeepers and farmers need to take a long, hard look at how they are managing bees.
se the article excerpt to answer the question.
What evidence from the text best supports the inference that advice to people who want to help bees will continue to change over time?
(1 point)
Responses
Keeping more bees and planting more flowers may be contributing to the spread of diseases among human-managed and wild bees.
Keeping more bees and planting more flowers may be contributing to the spread of diseases among human-managed and wild bees.
It is likely that disease spread is going both ways, so even if diseases in commercial bees are eliminated wild bees could potentially reinfect them.
It is likely that disease spread is going both ways, so even if diseases in commercial bees are eliminated wild bees could potentially reinfect them.
Alger is still investigating whether increasing plant diversity or culling certain plants could help decrease disease transmission.
Alger is still investigating whether increasing plant diversity or culling certain plants could help decrease disease transmission.
From the urban gardeners to rural farmers, people have been encouraged to plant more bee-friendly flowers.
From the urban gardeners to rural farmers, people have been encouraged to plant more bee-friendly flowers.
The evidence from the text that best supports the inference that advice to people who want to help bees will continue to change over time are:
1. Keeping more bees and planting more flowers may be contributing to the spread of diseases among human-managed and wild bees.
2. Alger is still investigating whether increasing plant diversity or culling certain plants could help decrease disease transmission.