Difference between reading frame and frame shift mutation. Also primer DNA and template DNA
Reading frame refers to the specific way in which the nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA is read during gene expression, typically in groups of three nucleotides called codons. In a normal reading frame, the genetic code is read without interruption, resulting in the production of a functional protein. Frame shift mutation, on the other hand, is a type of genetic mutation that occurs when a nucleotide is deleted or inserted into the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame. This shift can alter the genetic code and result in the production of a non-functional protein.
Primer DNA is a short, artificially synthesized piece of DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is designed to hybridize with a specific region of template DNA and provide a free 3'-OH group for DNA polymerase to build off of. Template DNA, on the other hand, is the original strand of DNA that is being replicated or transcribed. It serves as a template for the complementary base pairing of nucleotides during DNA synthesis or mRNA transcription.
Reading frame refers to the sequence of codons in a stretch of DNA or RNA that is used to determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein during translation. Each reading frame begins with a start codon (usually AUG) and ends with a stop codon (such as UAA, UAG, or UGA).
A frameshift mutation is a type of genetic mutation that occurs when the addition or deletion of nucleotides disrupts the reading frame of a gene. This means that the sequence of codons is shifted, resulting in a different amino acid sequence. Frameshift mutations often have significant effects on protein structure and function, as all subsequent codons are read incorrectly from the point of mutation.
Primer DNA is a short, single-stranded DNA sequence that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis during PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Primers are designed to be complementary to specific target DNA sequences and act as a binding site for DNA polymerase, which then adds nucleotides to extend the primer.
Template DNA, on the other hand, is the DNA molecule that serves as a blueprint for the synthesis of a new complementary DNA strand during replication or transcription. The template DNA is used by enzymes like DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase to read the sequence and synthesize the corresponding DNA or RNA molecule.