1. Which of the following best accounts for the number of southern votes cast for Johnson’s impeachment?
Only a few southern states have been readmitted to the Union.
Southern states only had voting rights in the House of Representatives
Only a few southern representatives were Democrats.
Most southern representatives disliked Johnson.
"…[The] said Cooper Hughs Freedman with his wife…are to work on said farm and to cultivate forty acres in corn and twenty acres in cotton, to assist in putting the fences on said farm in good order and to keep them so and to do all other work on said farm necessary to be done to keep the same in good order and to raise a good crop and to be under the control and directions of said IG Bailey and to receive for their said services one half of the cotton and one third of the corn and fodder raised by them on said farm in said year 1867….And the said IG Bailey party of the first part, agrees and binds himself to furnish necessary Mules and farming implements to cultivate said crop…"
—Contract, Marshall County, Mississippi, 1867
Use the passage to answer the question.
2. What kind of arrangement is agreed to in this contract?
sharecropping
black codes
grandfather clause
Ten Percent Plan
(Image: A bar graph compares the industries of the North and South.)
Use the image to answer the question.
3. Based on the graph, which industry’s decline would hurt the southern economy the most?
iron production
agriculture
manufacturing
railroad construction
(Image: Three men are shown with their arms linked with traveling bags bearing the seals of Florida and South Carolina.)
Use the image to answer the question.
4. Which Reconstruction-era political group is depicted in this image?
carpetbaggers
scalawags
Radical Republicans
Ku Klux Klan
(Image: A painting shows steam-driven paddle boats on a river and factories on the banks all billowing black smoke, darkening the sky.)
Use the image to answer the question.
5. What event or characteristic of the Industrial Revolution does this painting illustrate?
the opening of the Erie Canal
the environmental impact of steel mills
the decline of steamboat transportation
the development of the Bessemer process
"But no person who was, on January 1, 1866, or at any time prior thereto, entitled to vote under any form of government, or who at that time resided in some foreign nation, and no lineal descendant of such person, shall be denied the right to register and vote because of his inability to so read and write sections of such constitution."
We have difficulty in finding words to more clearly demonstrate the conviction we entertain that this standard has the characteristics which the Government attributes to it than does the mere statement of the text. It is true it contains no express words of an exclusion from the standard which it establishes of any person on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude prohibited by the Fifteenth Amendment, but the standard itself inherently brings that result into existence since it is based purely upon a period of time before the enactment of the Fifteenth Amendment and makes that period the controlling and dominant test of the right of suffrage."
—Guinn v. United States, 1915
Use the passage to answer the question.
6. Which voting practice did this Supreme Court decision address?
grandfather clause
poll tax
literacy test
Jim Crow laws
In the text, you read this about the South's economic situation after the war:
Economic conditions in the South were far worse than in the North. Confederate soldiers had little chance of taking up where they had left off. In some areas, every house, barn, and bridge had been destroyed. Two thirds of the South's railroad tracks had been turned into twisted heaps of scrap. The cities of Columbia, Richmond, and Atlanta had been leveled.
The war wrecked the South's financial system. After the war, Confederate money was worthless. People who had loaned money to the Confederacy were never repaid.
Use the passage to answer the question.
7. Why would the loss of farms make it especially difficult for the Southern economy to recover?
Many Southern industries would fail without the crops.
The Southern economy was largely based on agriculture.
Most Southerners could not afford to rebuild their farms.
The South would not be able to grow surplus crops for sale.
(Image: A black and white photo shows men and women striking, holding banners with the text ”Ladies Waist and Dressmakers Union Local 25: We Mourn Our Loss” and “We Mourn Our Loss: United Hebrew Trades of New York.”)
Use the image to answer the question.
8. Based on the text on the banners, which workers' issue most likely prompted this protest demonstration?
minimum wage cuts
child labor violations
unsafe working conditions
corrupt trust practices
9. What general principle was established with the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision?
States could not prevent African Americans from voting.
States could be punished with decreased congressional representation if they did not allow African Americans to vote.
States could require separate facilities for African Americans as long as the facilities were equal.
States could not use poll taxes and literacy tests to establish voting eligibility.
Plan Ten Percent Plan Wade-Davis Bill
Rival Plans for Reconstruction
Proposed by President Abraham Lincoln (1863) Republicans in Congress (1864)
Conditions for former Confederate States to rejoin Union
10 percent of voters must swear loyalty to Union
Must abolish slavery
Majority of white men must swear loyalty
Former Confederate volunteers cannot vote or hold office
Wartime debts by states will not be recognized
Use the chart to answer the question.
10. Using your knowledge of the text and the chart, which best describes Lincoln's Reconstruction plan?
Lincoln's plan would have severely punished the South.
Lincoln's plan would have disregarded the issue of slavery.
Lincoln's plan would have been very lenient toward the South.
Lincoln's plan would have placed great emphasis on regaining southern loyalty.
1. Most southern representatives disliked Johnson.
2. sharecropping
3. agriculture
4. carpetbaggers
5. the environmental impact of steel mills
6. grandfather clause
7. The Southern economy was largely based on agriculture.
8. unsafe working conditions
9. States could require separate facilities for African Americans as long as the facilities were equal.
10. Lincoln's plan would have been very lenient toward the South.
11.
What main idea would be described by these headlines?
1. “Massive Factory Fire Kills 150”
2. “2 Million Child Workers”
3. “Pullman Cuts Wages”
4. “Carnegie Buys New Machines- Jobs Loss”
the need for strikebreakers
the Gospel of Wealth
Social Darwinism
the need for labor unions
12. Which titan is correctly matched with his industry? (1 point)
J. Pierpont Morgan > Oil
Andrew Carnegie > Steel
John D. Rockefeller > Banking
John Sherman > Oil
13. Why did Southern states use poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses as Reconstruction came to an end?
to maintain Republican control of state governments
to keep poor white Southerners from voting
to keep African Americans from voting
to ensure voters would remain loyal to the Union
14. Radical Republicans had two main goals. First, they wanted to break the power of wealthy planters who had long ruled the South. Second, they wanted to ensure that freedmen received the right to vote. They used legislative reforms, or changes in laws, to achieve their goals.
Which of the following is an example of how Radical Republicans sought to achieve their goals?
denying wealthy planters the right to vote
working to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
developing a speedy process to readmit southern states
ensuring that African Americans could outvote their former owners
In the text, you read this about the development of railroads:
Although railroads caused certain problems, they also made possible the rapid growth of industry after 1865. Building rail lines created thousands of jobs. Steelworkers turned millions of tons of iron into steel for tracks and engines. Lumberjacks cut down whole forests to supply wood for railroad ties. Miners sweated in dusty mine shafts digging coal to fuel railroad engines. The railroad companies themselves employed thousands of workers. They laid tracks, built trestles across rivers, carved tunnels through mountains, and built countless railroad stations.
The large railroads also pioneered new ways of managing business. Rail companies created special departments for shipping and accounting and for servicing equipment. Expert managers headed each department, while chains of command ensured that the organization ran smoothly. Other big businesses soon copied these management techniques.
Use the passage to answer the question.
15. Why would it be important for railroads to use strong management techniques?
to ensure a complex business ran smoothly
to create more growth in other industries
to continue to employ thousands of people
to create more railways across the country
16. Which factor most likely caused a decline in Grange membership?
wheat prices declined
spikes in railroad prices
variances in freight costs
farms faced severe drought
17. Why did conflict erupt between President Johnson and Congress after Lincoln’s assassination?
Southern Congressmen agreed with President Johnson's Radical Reconstruction Plan.
Republicans disagreed with President Johnson's Reconstruction Plan.
Southern conservatives enacted the black codes against Congress’ wishes.
Neither Congress nor the President wanted a Joint Committee on Reconstruction to dictate the plan.
The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. Between 1860 and 1890, the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. increased ninefold—from 30,000 miles to 270,000 miles, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 people. Many were recent immigrants.
My folks came to the United States from Sweden in 1866; landed in New York, then came to Omaha. When they got to Omaha they had $5.00 in American money, no job, and couldn't speak a word of English….Then they both got work on the new Union Pacific railroad from Omaha to Laramie City. Father worked on the road and mother cooked and washed for twenty-two men, for nine months; when they got back to Omaha they had $900.00 saved up.
-"Mrs. Will H. Berger" November 21, 1938. Interviewer, Edna B Pearson, American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1940
Use the passage to answer the question.
18. Based on the account of Mrs. Berger, how did the transcontinental railroads impact the West?
The railroads provided jobs for settlers.
The railroads provided homes for employees.
The railroads made Omaha an industrial center.
The railroads helped immigrants learn English.
19. What was the goal of the reformers who wanted to help Native Americans in the late 1800s?
to return the land that was taken away from the Native Americans
to encourage Native Americans to adopt the ways of Americans
to relocate all the Native Americans to one reservation in a western state
to negotiate treaties to ensure peace in the west
(Image: A black and white photograph shows two men working on an early car frame in a line of cars.)
Use the image to answer the question.
20. Which innovation does the photograph illustrate? (1 point)
labor strike
power plant
Bessemer process
assembly line
In the text, you read this about ranching after the Civil War:
Ranchers employed cowhands to tend their cattle and drive herds to market. These hard workers rode alongside the huge herds in good and bad weather. They kept the cattle moving and rounded up strays. After the Civil War, veterans of the Confederate Army made up the majority of the cowhands who worked in Texas. However, it is estimated that nearly one in three cowhands was either Mexican American or African American. Some cowhands dreamed of setting aside enough money to start a herd of their own.
Use the passage to answer the question.
21. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers?
During the Civil War, many African Americans went west to work on railroads.
After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work.
In the 1850s, many free African Americans from the north became ranchers.
During Reconstruction, African American politicians promoted ranching.
I am tired of fighting . . . It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children and see how many I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead.
—"I Will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph
Use the passage to answer the question.
22. What event in the history of the West in the late 1800s prompted Chief Joseph to give this speech?
the expansion of buffalo hunting by American Indians like the Nez Percé
the death of Sitting Bull, an important Lakota leader
the defeat of American Indian peoples by United States troops
the Ghost Dance, a new American Indian religious ceremony
Year Price
1908 $825
1927 $290
Use the chart to answer the question.
23. Which factor best accounts for the price change in the Model T automobile?
low deman
organized labor
mass production
wartime inflation
24. How did George Westinghouse contribute to railroad transportation?
His invention of air brakes made railroad travel safer and faster.
His development of the sleeping car made railroad travel much more comfortable.
His invention of the steam engine made railroad travel faster and more affordable.
His creation of a railroad network helped make railroad travel more efficient.
25.
Explain why Lincoln’s assassination put the future of the nation in question.
Lincoln's assassination put the future of the nation in question because he was the president who had led the United States through the difficult and divisive Civil War. His Reconstruction Plan, which sought to reunite the nation and provide rights to African Americans, was still in its early stages. There were concerns that his successor, Andrew Johnson, might not be able to continue Lincoln's vision for Reconstruction and that Southern states might resist efforts to reintegrate into the Union. The political instability created by Lincoln's assassination added to the uncertainty and made it unclear what direction the nation would take moving forward.
11.
What main idea would be described by these headlines?
1. “Massive Factory Fire Kills 150”
2. “2 Million Child Workers”
3. “Pullman Cuts Wages”
4. “Carnegie Buys New Machines- Jobs Loss”
the need for strikebreakers
the Gospel of Wealth
Social Darwinism
the need for labor unions
12. Which titan is correctly matched with his industry? (1 point)
J. Pierpont Morgan > Oil
Andrew Carnegie > Steel
John D. Rockefeller > Banking
John Sherman > Oil
13. Why did Southern states use poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses as Reconstruction came to an end?
to maintain Republican control of state governments
to keep poor white Southerners from voting
to keep African Americans from voting
to ensure voters would remain loyal to the Union
14. Radical Republicans had two main goals. First, they wanted to break the power of wealthy planters who had long ruled the South. Second, they wanted to ensure that freedmen received the right to vote. They used legislative reforms, or changes in laws, to achieve their goals.
Which of the following is an example of how Radical Republicans sought to achieve their goals?
denying wealthy planters the right to vote
working to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
developing a speedy process to readmit southern states
ensuring that African Americans could outvote their former owners
In the text, you read this about the development of railroads:
Although railroads caused certain problems, they also made possible the rapid growth of industry after 1865. Building rail lines created thousands of jobs. Steelworkers turned millions of tons of iron into steel for tracks and engines. Lumberjacks cut down whole forests to supply wood for railroad ties. Miners sweated in dusty mine shafts digging coal to fuel railroad engines. The railroad companies themselves employed thousands of workers. They laid tracks, built trestles across rivers, carved tunnels through mountains, and built countless railroad stations.
The large railroads also pioneered new ways of managing business. Rail companies created special departments for shipping and accounting and for servicing equipment. Expert managers headed each department, while chains of command ensured that the organization ran smoothly. Other big businesses soon copied these management techniques.
Use the passage to answer the question.
15. Why would it be important for railroads to use strong management techniques?
to ensure a complex business ran smoothly
to create more growth in other industries
to continue to employ thousands of people
to create more railways across the country
16. Which factor most likely caused a decline in Grange membership?
wheat prices declined
spikes in railroad prices
variances in freight costs
farms faced severe drought
17. Why did conflict erupt between President Johnson and Congress after Lincoln’s assassination?
Southern Congressmen agreed with President Johnson's Radical Reconstruction Plan.
Republicans disagreed with President Johnson's Reconstruction Plan.
Southern conservatives enacted the black codes against Congress’ wishes.
Neither Congress nor the President wanted a Joint Committee on Reconstruction to dictate the plan.
The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. Between 1860 and 1890, the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. increased ninefold—from 30,000 miles to 270,000 miles, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 people. Many were recent immigrants.
My folks came to the United States from Sweden in 1866; landed in New York, then came to Omaha. When they got to Omaha they had $5.00 in American money, no job, and couldn't speak a word of English….Then they both got work on the new Union Pacific railroad from Omaha to Laramie City. Father worked on the road and mother cooked and washed for twenty-two men, for nine months; when they got back to Omaha they had $900.00 saved up.
-"Mrs. Will H. Berger" November 21, 1938. Interviewer, Edna B Pearson, American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1940
Use the passage to answer the question.
18. Based on the account of Mrs. Berger, how did the transcontinental railroads impact the West?
The railroads provided jobs for settlers.
The railroads provided homes for employees.
The railroads made Omaha an industrial center.
The railroads helped immigrants learn English.
19. What was the goal of the reformers who wanted to help Native Americans in the late 1800s?
to return the land that was taken away from the Native Americans
to encourage Native Americans to adopt the ways of Americans
to relocate all the Native Americans to one reservation in a western state
to negotiate treaties to ensure peace in the west
(Image: A black and white photograph shows two men working on an early car frame in a line of cars.)
Use the image to answer the question.
20. Which innovation does the photograph illustrate? (1 point)
labor strike
power plant
Bessemer process
assembly line
In the text, you read this about ranching after the Civil War:
Ranchers employed cowhands to tend their cattle and drive herds to market. These hard workers rode alongside the huge herds in good and bad weather. They kept the cattle moving and rounded up strays. After the Civil War, veterans of the Confederate Army made up the majority of the cowhands who worked in Texas. However, it is estimated that nearly one in three cowhands was either Mexican American or African American. Some cowhands dreamed of setting aside enough money to start a herd of their own.
Use the passage to answer the question.
21. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers?
During the Civil War, many African Americans went west to work on railroads.
After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work.
In the 1850s, many free African Americans from the north became ranchers.
During Reconstruction, African American politicians promoted ranching.
I am tired of fighting . . . It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children and see how many I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead.
—"I Will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph
Use the passage to answer the question.
22. What event in the history of the West in the late 1800s prompted Chief Joseph to give this speech?
the expansion of buffalo hunting by American Indians like the Nez Percé
the death of Sitting Bull, an important Lakota leader
the defeat of American Indian peoples by United States troops
the Ghost Dance, a new American Indian religious ceremony
Year Price
1908 $825
1927 $290
Use the chart to answer the question.
23. Which factor best accounts for the price change in the Model T automobile?
low deman
organized labor
mass production
wartime inflation
24. How did George Westinghouse contribute to railroad transportation?
His invention of air brakes made railroad travel safer and faster.
His development of the sleeping car made railroad travel much more comfortable.
His invention of the steam engine made railroad travel faster and more affordable.
His creation of a railroad network helped make railroad travel more efficient.