is called genetic equilibrium or Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This state occurs under ideal conditions such as large population size, random mating, no mutations, no gene flow, and no natural selection. In such conditions, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in the population remain constant over generations, and the population can be considered as genetically stable. However, any deviation from these ideal conditions can lead to changes in the allele frequencies, resulting in evolution. Therefore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium serves as a null model for studying the genetic structure and evolution of populations.
