How can a stationary metal sphere have kinetic energy, the energy of motion?(1 point)
The metal is made of atoms, which are vibrating in place.
The metal is made of atoms, which store potential energy.
The metal sphere can be rolled.
The metal’s molecules are moving around.
What do you measure when you find a substance’s temperature?(1 point)
absolute heat of the substance
kinetic energy of the substance
average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance
potential energy of the substance
What happens when thermal energy is applied to an ice cube? (1 point)
Its water molecules lose kinetic energy, so the ice cube melts.
Its water molecules gain potential energy.
Its water molecules gain kinetic energy and move around more.
Its water molecules lose potential energy.
Why does an ice cube melt even in a cold glass of water?(1 point)
The air around the water melts the ice cube.
Ice cubes must always melt eventually.
The ice cube is still colder than the water, so thermal energy moves from the ice cube to the water.
The water is still warmer than the ice cube, so thermal energy moves from the water to the ice cube.
Which scenario best describes a scientist who is studying thermal energy?(1 point)
She works alone to research and carry out the project.
She works on a team, with each member carrying out all of the same tasks together.
She works on a team, with each member performing a different role on the project.
She works with a team, telling each member exactly what to do.
What is the best description of the conclusion of a scientific investigation?(1 point)
The conclusion is the final step of the investigation before it is written.
The conclusion uses reasoning to explain and interpret the results.
The conclusion states that the results are correct.
The conclusion uses reasoning to justify the investigation.
How does a heater in one corner of a fish aquarium warm the whole aquarium?(1 point)
The heater warms the air above the aquarium, which warms the water.
The heater creates convection currents, which transfer warmer water away from the heater and cooler water toward the heater.
The heater warms the glass of the aquarium, which warms the water.
The heater adds thermal energy evenly to the aquarium’s water.
What happens when a cold spoon is placed in hot soup?(1 point)
The spoon’s molecules have less kinetic energy, so they transfer thermal energy to the soup.
The soup’s molecules have more kinetic energy, so they transfer thermal energy to the spoon.
The soup’s molecules have the same kinetic energy as the spoon’s molecules, so there is no transfer of thermal energy.
The soup’s molecules have more potential energy, so they transfer thermal energy to the spoon.
In 1–2 sentences, describe the relationship between heat and thermal insulators.(2 points)
When thermal energy is applied to ice, the ice’s temperature rises until 0° C and then stays the same for a period of time. In 1–2 sentences, explain why this takes place.(2 points)
A pot of water is being heated on the stovetop. The water molecules closest to the burner rise in the pot when they gain thermal energy. In 1–2 sentences, explain why the water rises.(2 points)
A baker uses oven mitts to open an oven, take a loaf of bread out, and place it on a plate. In 3–4 sentences, identify three examples of thermal energy transfer in the scenario.(4 points)
1. A stationary metal sphere can have kinetic energy because the metal is made of atoms, which are vibrating in place.
2. When you measure a substance's temperature, you measure the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance.
3. When thermal energy is applied to an ice cube, its water molecules gain kinetic energy and move around more.
4. An ice cube melts in a cold glass of water because the water is still warmer than the ice cube, so thermal energy moves from the water to the ice cube.
5. A scientist who is studying thermal energy is best described as working on a team, with each member performing a different role on the project.
6. The conclusion of a scientific investigation is best described as using reasoning to explain and interpret the results.
7. A heater in one corner of a fish aquarium warms the whole aquarium by creating convection currents, which transfer warmer water away from the heater and cooler water toward the heater.
8. When a cold spoon is placed in hot soup, the soup's molecules have more kinetic energy, so they transfer thermal energy to the spoon.
9. The relationship between heat and thermal insulators is that thermal insulators are materials that resist the transfer of heat, keeping thermal energy from easily moving through them.
10. When thermal energy is applied to ice, the ice's temperature stays the same at 0° C for a period because the energy is being used to break the bonds between the ice molecules, changing it from a solid to a liquid state.
11. The water molecules closest to the burner rise in a pot when they gain thermal energy because as they gain energy, they become less dense, causing them to rise above the cooler, denser water.
12. In the baker scenario, three examples of thermal energy transfer are: (a) Thermal energy from the oven heats up the bread. (b) Thermal energy from the bread transfers to the oven mitts as the baker holds the bread. (c) The hot loaf of bread transfers thermal energy to the plate when placed on it.