37. Lake Michigan is a very large, very deep body of water, located in a region of the United States that gets quite cold in winter. On the coldest day of last year, what was the temperature at the bottom of the lake. Explain your answer in terms of density of water.
38. Plants use capillary actions in their roots which are narrow tubes to get water from the soil. Based on this information, explain how water moves up the roots of a flower in terms of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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37. Look up the density of H2O versus temperature. I believe the maximum density is at 4 C; therefore, 4C should be the temperature of water at the bottom. right?
38. I might take issue with the statement. The water flows from the outside of the root to the inside of the plant by osmosis.
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37. To determine the temperature at the bottom of Lake Michigan on the coldest day of last year, we need to consider the density of water. Water has its maximum density at around 4 degrees Celsius. As the temperature decreases below 4 degrees Celsius, water becomes less dense and expands. This expansion creates a decrease in density, causing the colder and denser water to sink towards the bottom of the lake.
Now, during winter, the air temperature tends to be colder than the water temperature. As a result, the surface of the lake cools and can freeze, forming a layer of ice. The presence of ice prevents direct contact between the cold air and the water below.
Below the surface layer of ice, the water is protected from the extreme cold air temperature. Underneath the ice, the temperature of Lake Michigan can be relatively stable around 4 degrees Celsius, which is the density-maximizing temperature for water. Consequently, we can assume that the temperature at the bottom of Lake Michigan on the coldest day of last year was close to 4 degrees Celsius.
It's important to note that measuring the temperature at the bottom of Lake Michigan can be challenging due to its depth and the difficulties involved in obtaining accurate measurements. The estimation provided here is based on known properties of water and does not account for specific localized conditions at the lake's bottom.
38. The movement of water up the roots of a flower is facilitated by capillary action, which is driven by cohesive and adhesive forces.
Cohesion refers to the attraction between water molecules themselves, resulting in them sticking together. Adhesion, on the other hand, refers to the attraction between water molecules and the surface of other materials, such as the walls of the narrow tubes in the roots of plants.
In the context of a flower's roots, the narrow tubes act as capillaries, providing a small diameter that increases the surface area for adhesion to occur. When a flower's roots are submerged in the soil, water molecules adhere to the walls of the narrow tubes due to their adhesive properties.
As water molecules adhere to the walls, they create a continuous column of water in the tubes. Cohesion between the water molecules causes them to stick together, forming a continuous water column that extends from the soil to the upper parts of the plant.
Through this cohesive-adhesive mechanism, water is pulled upward, against gravity, allowing it to reach the different parts of the plant, including the stem, leaves, and flowers. This process is essential for the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant.