Which of the following involve electronic charges?
A.
hydrogen bonds
B.
ionic bonds
C.
polar molecules
D.
all of the above
d. all of the above
To determine which of the options involve electronic charges, we need to understand the properties of each option.
A. Hydrogen bonds: Hydrogen bonds are not directly related to electronic charges. They are a type of intermolecular force that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to an electronegative atom (such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) in a different molecule. While hydrogen bonds do involve the sharing of electrons, they are not necessarily related to electronic charges.
B. Ionic bonds: Ionic bonds involve the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. In this process, atoms become electrically charged particles called ions. One atom loses electrons and becomes positively charged (cation), while the other gains electrons and becomes negatively charged (anion). Therefore, ionic bonds do involve electronic charges.
C. Polar molecules: Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of electron density due to differences in electronegativity between atoms. This uneven distribution creates partial positive and partial negative charges within the molecule. While polar molecules involve electronic charges, it is important to note that these charges are not as strong as those in ionic bonds.
D. All of the above: Since option B (ionic bonds) and option C (polar molecules) both involve electronic charges, the correct answer is D - all of the above. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, resulting in charged ions, while polar molecules have partial positive and negative charges within the molecule.