How did Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons differ from earlier people?

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Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons, also known as Homo sapiens, were two distinct groups of early humans that lived during different time periods. Here's how they differed from earlier people:

1. Physical Appearance: Neanderthals had a robust build, with a stocky body and a prominent brow ridge. They had a larger brain size than earlier hominins and were well-adapted to colder climates with their shorter limbs and barrel chests. Cro-Magnons, on the other hand, looked more like modern humans, with lighter builds, less robust features, and a more prominent chin.

2. Tools and Technology: Neanderthals primarily used Mousterian stone tools, which were more advanced than the earlier Oldowan tools but less sophisticated than the tools used by Cro-Magnons. Cro-Magnons had a more refined stone tool technology, including a diverse range of tools and weapons, like spear-throwers and fishhooks.

3. Behavior and Culture: Neanderthals were likely more primitive in terms of their cultural and symbolic behaviors. They had simple burials and evidence of some form of symbolic expression, such as body decorations. Cro-Magnons, however, had more developed cultural behaviors. They created intricate cave paintings, made sculptures and jewelry, and engaged in complex rituals.

4. Language and Communication: While it's challenging to ascertain the complexities of Neanderthal language, studies suggest that Cro-Magnons had more advanced communication and language skills. This is inferred from their symbolic art, diverse tools, and a shared cultural system.

To arrive at these comparisons, scientists have studied fossil remains, stone tools, cave art, and other archaeological evidence found in various locations. By comparing these pieces of evidence, researchers have pieced together a better understanding of how Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons differed from earlier people.