In a population-based cohort study, an entire community was interviewed regarding smoking habits and then followed for one year. All lung cancer deaths were ascertained and the following data were available:

• Fifteen (15) lung cancer deaths occurred among 24,500 smokers
• Two (2) lung cancer deaths occurred among 10,500 non-smokers
Calculate the following and interpret your results in each case.
1. Calculate the proper measure of association of smoking and lung cancer.
2. Calculate the population risk difference.
3. Calculate the population attributable risk for smoking and lung cancer.

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In a population-based cohort study, an entire community was interviewed regarding smoking habits and then followed for one year. All lung cancer deaths were ascertained and the following data were available:

Fifteen (15) lung cancer deaths occurred among 24,500 smokers

Two (2) lung cancer deaths occurred among 10,500 non-smokers
Calculate the following and interpret your results in each case.

Calculate the proper measure of association of smoking and lung cancer.
Calculate the population risk difference.
Calculate the population attributable risk for smoking and lung cancer

Sure! Let's calculate the results step-by-step:

1. To calculate the measure of association of smoking and lung cancer, we'll use the relative risk (RR).

Relative risk (RR) = Risk of lung cancer among smokers / Risk of lung cancer among non-smokers

Risk of lung cancer among smokers = Number of lung cancer deaths among smokers / Total number of smokers = 15 / 24,500 = 0.00061
Risk of lung cancer among non-smokers = Number of lung cancer deaths among non-smokers / Total number of non-smokers = 2 / 10,500 = 0.00019

RR = 0.00061 / 0.00019 = 3.21

Interpretation: The relative risk (RR) is 3.21, which means that smokers have 3.21 times higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers.

2. To calculate the population risk difference, we'll subtract the risk of lung cancer among non-smokers from the risk of lung cancer among smokers.

Population risk difference = Risk of lung cancer among smokers - Risk of lung cancer among non-smokers

Risk of lung cancer among smokers = 0.00061 (as calculated above)
Risk of lung cancer among non-smokers = 0.00019 (as calculated above)

Population risk difference = 0.00061 - 0.00019 = 0.00042

Interpretation: The population risk difference is 0.00042, which means that among the population studied, 0.042% of the lung cancer cases can be attributed to smoking.

3. To calculate the population attributable risk (PAR) for smoking and lung cancer, we'll subtract the risk of lung cancer among non-smokers from the overall risk of lung cancer.

Population attributable risk (PAR) = Risk of lung cancer among smokers - Risk of lung cancer among non-smokers

Risk of lung cancer among smokers = 0.00061 (as calculated above)
Risk of lung cancer among non-smokers = 0.00019 (as calculated above)

Population attributable risk (PAR) = 0.00061 - 0.00019 = 0.00042

Interpretation: The population attributable risk (PAR) is 0.00042, which means that 0.042% of the total lung cancer cases in the population studied can be attributed to smoking.

Note: The population attributable risk (PAR) and the population risk difference (PRD) will be the same in this case because the prevalence of smokers and non-smokers in the population is known.

Hope this helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.

1. To calculate the proper measure of association between smoking and lung cancer, we can use the relative risk (RR). The formula for calculating the RR is as follows:

RR = (Number of lung cancer deaths in smokers / Total number of smokers) / (Number of lung cancer deaths in non-smokers / Total number of non-smokers)

In this case, the number of lung cancer deaths in smokers is 15, the total number of smokers is 24,500, the number of lung cancer deaths in non-smokers is 2, and the total number of non-smokers is 10,500.

Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

RR = (15/24,500) / (2/10,500) = 0.0006122 / 0.0001905 ≈ 3.214

Interpretation: The relative risk of developing lung cancer among smokers compared to non-smokers is approximately 3.214. This means that smokers have a 3.214 times higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers.

2. To calculate the population risk difference, we can subtract the lung cancer death rate in non-smokers from the lung cancer death rate in smokers. The formula for calculating the risk difference (RD) is as follows:

RD = (Number of lung cancer deaths in smokers / Total number of smokers) - (Number of lung cancer deaths in non-smokers / Total number of non-smokers)

Using the values from the question, we have:

RD = (15/24,500) - (2/10,500) ≈ 0.0006122 - 0.0001905 ≈ 0.0004217

Interpretation: The population risk difference is approximately 0.0004217. This means that out of every 100,000 individuals in this population, there are around 42 additional lung cancer deaths among smokers compared to non-smokers.

3. To calculate the population attributable risk (PAR) for smoking and lung cancer, we need to determine the proportion of lung cancer deaths in the population that can be attributed to smoking. The formula for calculating PAR is as follows:

PAR = (Risk in exposed group - Risk in unexposed group) / Risk in exposed group

In this case, the risk in the exposed group (smokers) is the lung cancer death rate among smokers, and the risk in the unexposed group (non-smokers) is the lung cancer death rate among non-smokers.

Using the values from the question, we have:

PAR = ((15/24,500) - (2/10,500)) / (15/24,500) ≈ (0.0006122 - 0.0001905) / 0.0006122 ≈ 0.689

Interpretation: The population attributable risk is approximately 0.689, which means that around 68.9% of lung cancer deaths in this population can be attributed to smoking.